Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology G > Childhood Viral Infections > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classifications of viral illness in childhood?

A

♦ Asymptomatic / Subclinical infection ♦ Fever and a rash ♦ Respiratory tract infections ♦ Gastro-intestinal infections ♦ Others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which diseases are you requited to report to Public Health England?

A

Acute meningitis Acute poliomyelitis Measles Mumps Rubella Smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is IgM produced?

A

in acute infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is IgG produced?

A

Long term immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a child with a rash?

A

Parvovirus Measles Chickenpox Rubella Non-polio enterovirus infection EBV (with ampicillin) (not forgetting bacterial causes such as Staphylococcus aureus, N. meningitidis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which virus causes measles

A

Paramyxovirus Enveloped single stranded RNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Person to person Droplet spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is the infectivity of measles?

A

From start of first symptoms (4 days before rash to 4 days after disappearance of rash)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the incubation period of measles?

A

7-18 days (average 10-12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How contagious is measles?

A

90% unprotected contacts will acquire active infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the clinical features of measles?

A
  • Prodrome Fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, coryza and cough (3’c’s)
  • Rash Erythematous, maculopapular, head – trunk,
  • Koplik’s spots 1-2 days before rash.
  • Fever
  • Infection in the immunocompromised
  • Rash + fever + cough/coryza/conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the possible complications of measles?

A
  • Otitis media (7-9%)
  • Pneumonia (1-6%)
  • Diarrhoea (8%)
  • Acute encephalitis – rare but fatal (1 in 2000)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which rare (1/25000) complication of measles can cause death up to 30 years after contracting the disease?

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is measles diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical
  • Leukopenia
  • Oral fluid sample
  • Serology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment for measles?

A
  • Supportive
  • Antibiotics for superinfection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the prevention for measles?

A

•Vaccine – live MMR

1 year / pre-school

•Human normal immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What disease has caused this rash?

A

Measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What virus causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella zoster virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is chicken pox spread?

A

Respiratory spread/personal contact (face to face/15mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the incubation period of chicken pox?

A

14-15 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the duration of infectivity of chicken pox?

A

2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up

22
Q

What are the clinical features of chicken pox?

A
  • Fever, malaise, anorexia
  • Rash – centripetal

macular > papular > vesicular > pustular

23
Q

What are the possible complications of chicken pox?

A

–Pneumonitis (risk increased for smokers)

–Central nervous system (CNS) involvement

–Thrombocytopenic purpura

–Foetal varicella syndrome

–Congenital varicella

–Zoster

24
Q

How is chicken pox diagnosed?

A

•Diagnosis

–Clinical

–PCR –vesicle fluid/CSF

•Serology

–Immunity

–IgG in pregnant women in contact with VZV and no history of chickenpox

25
What is the treatment for chicken pox?
–Symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children –Aciclovir oral, iv in severe disease or neonates. –Chlorpheniramine can relieve itch (\>1 yr olds)
26
What are the potential prevention methods for chicken pox?
–Vaccine – live, 2 doses (USA/Japan) * Health care workers * Susceptible contacts of immunocompromised pts –VZ Immunoglobulin (VZIG) given if: * significant exposure * a clinical condition that increases the risk of severe varicella e.g. immunosuppressed patients, neonates and pregnant women * no antibodies to VZ virus * Ig does not prevent infection in all, reduces severity
27
What disease caused this rash?
chicken pox
28
What virus causes rubella?
•Togavirus, RNA virus
29
How is rubella transmitted?
•Droplet spread – air-borne Less contagious
30
What is the incubation period for rubella?
14-21 days
31
When is rubella infective?
•One week before rash to 4 days after.
32
What are the clinical features of rubella?
* Prodrome – non-specific * Lymphadenopathy – post-auricular, suboccipital * Rash very non specific transient, erythematous, behind ears and face and neck. •Complications thrombocytopenia; post infectious encephalitis; arthritis. 50% of infectious children are asymptomatic. Rash starts on face, spreads to rest of body. Aching joints particularly frequent in young female patients.
33
What are the risks of rubella in pregnancy?
•Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) –cataracts and other eye defects –deafness –cardiac abnormalities –microcephaly –retardation of intra-uterine growth inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow
34
How is rubella diagnosed?
* Oral fluid testing – IgM/G (PCR if within 7 days of rash). * Serology – IgM and IgG. Antibodies detectable from time of rash. * IgM positive for 1-3 months – implications in pregnancy.
35
What is the treatment for rubella?
* No treatment available – immunoglobulin given to exposed pregnant women. * Vaccine - initially 11-14 year olds. Now part of MMR. * 2-3% women of child bearing age remain susceptible.
36
What is Parvovirus B19 also known as?
–’slapped cheek’ or ‘fifth disease’
37
How is parvovirus B19 transmitted?
•Transmitted by respiratory secretions or from mother to child
38
What is the incubation period of parvovirus B19?
4-14 days
39
What are the clinical features of parvovirus B19?
Minor respiratory illness Rash illness ‘slapped cheek’ Arthralgia Aplastic anaemia Anaemia in the immunosuppressed - this may be prolonged
40
How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed?
* Serology IgM/IgG – 90% have IgM at time of rash * Amniotic fluid sampling * PCR in immunocompromised.
41
How is parvovirus B19 treated?
* None if self limiting illness * Blood transfusion * No vaccine available
42
What are enteroviral infections?
* Coxsackie, entero, echoviral infections. * Hand, foot and mouth disease. * Fever-rash syndromes. * Meningitis – PCR of CSF.
43
What diseases might cause respiratory symptoms in a child?
* Respiratory Syncytial Virus * Parainfluenza * Influenza * Adenovirus * Metapneumovirus * Rhinovirus
44
Rhinovirus is a member of which classification?
"picornaviridae"
45
What are the two main viruses that cause diarrhoea in children?
Rotavirus Norovirus
46
What family does mumps belong to?
Paramyxoviridae family
47
How is mumps spread?
* direct contact, * droplet spread, * fomites
48
What is the incubation period of mumps?
•2-4 weeks (mostly 16-18 days)
49
What are the clinical features of mumps?
* Prodrome – nonspecific e.g. low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise, and headache * Next 24 hours – earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid * Next 2-3 days – gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain * Normally bilateral but can be unilateral in at least 25%. * Pyrexia up to 40°C. After peak swelling, pain, fever and tenderness rapidly resolve, and the parotid gland returns to normal size within 1 week
50
What are the rare complications of mumps?
•Rare manifestations :- –Submandibular and/or sublingual sialadenitis –Epididymo-orchitis –Oophoritis –Meningitis –Encephalitis –Renal function abnormalities (mild) –Pancreatitis * CNS involvement is the most common extrasalivary gland manifestation of mumps * Epididymo-orchitis is the most common extrasalivary gland manifestation in the adult * Infection in first trimester - increased foetal death
51
What disease does this child have?
Mumps

Clinical Pathology G (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions