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RUSVM Virology Spring17 > Paramyxoviridae > Flashcards

Paramyxoviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Paramyxoviridae viruses have ____ stranded, _____ sense RNA

A 
Single stranded (linear)
Negative sense
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2
Q

What is unique about the shape of the nucleocapsid of paramyxoviruses?

A

“herring bone” shaped

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3
Q

What paramyxovirus has been completely eradicated?

A

Rinderpest

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4
Q

T/F: paramyxoviruses have an envelope

A

TRUE

Envelope with glycoprotein spikes

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5
Q

What shape are paramyxoviruses?

A

PLEOMORPHIC - spherical or filamentous

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6
Q

What are the 3 major membrane proteins within the envelope of paramyxoviruses?

A

MATRIX (M)

  • *FUSION (F) - mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane
  • HEMAGGLUTININ (H)
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7
Q

What are the 3 major nucleocapsid proteins (Ribonucleo proteins) of paramyxoviruses?

A

RNA Binding Protein (N)
Phosphoprotein (P)
Large Poymerase (L)

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8
Q

What are the attachment proteins of paramyxoviruses?

A

Hemagglutinin neurominidase (HN) and glycoprotein (G)

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9
Q

What are the combinations of proteins to makes the glycoprotein envelope spikes in paramyxoviruses?

A

F and G (fusion and glycoprotein)
F and HN (fusion and hemagglutinin neurominidase)
F and H (fusion and hemagglutinin)

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10
Q

T/F: the host cells will produce antibodies to neutralize the envelope glycoproteins.

A

TRUE
antibodies directs against these proteins are most commonly neutralizing - important protection mechanism against paramycoviruses

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11
Q

Where do paramyxoviruses replicate in the host cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What receptor do morbilliviruses used to invade host cells?

A

CD150

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13
Q

How do Rubula, Respro, and Avulaviruses invade host cells?

A

HN molecules bind to sialic acid residues (glycolipids/glycoproteins)

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14
Q

What cell surface receptors do Henipaviruses use to invade host cells? What role does this have in their pathogenesis?

A

Use ephrin B2 and ephrine B3 receptors
These are located on the cell surface of endothelial cells and on brain stem neurons (viruses tend to be fatal if they enter the brain stem)

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15
Q

What receptor do Pneumoviruses use to invade host cells?

A

Heparan sulfate

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16
Q

What is the order of paramyxovirus replication inside the host cell?

A

(Negative sense) RNA –> mRNA –> RNA –> viral proteins

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17
Q

What cellular effect do paramyxoviruses have on host cells?

A

Lysis or syncytia (joining together to create lg cells)
Replication will leave acidophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and/or acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (even though replication is in cytoplasm only)

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18
Q

What disease does Avian paramyxovirus-1 cause?

A

New Castle Disease - Chickens

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19
Q

To which genus does New Castle Disease belong?

A

Avulavirus

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20
Q

What are the 5 pathotypes of Avian paramyxovirus-1?

A
  1. Viscerotropic velogenic (most pathogenic)
  2. Neurotropic velogenic
  3. Mesogenic
  4. Lentogenic or Respiratory
  5. Asymptomatic
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21
Q

T/F: paramyxoviruses cause hemoadsorption of infected cells

A

TRUE

Agglutination of RBCs around infected cells - can be used as a dx test on the farm

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22
Q

T/F: New castle disease is common in North America

A

FALSE

good vax protocol has significantly decreased the prevalence of this dx in North America

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23
Q

T/F: New castle disease is not a zoonotic pathogen

A

FALSE

this is zoonotic - vets and farmers are most as risk

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24
Q

What are the modes of transmission of Avian paramyxovirus-1?

A

*secreted through feces
Direct contact - fomites
Infection through egg

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25
T/F: Lentogenic strains of new castle dz are common.
TRUE - these are found all over *subclinical - mild respiratory signs - low mortality
26
T/F: Mesogenic strains of New Castle dz have a high mortality rate
FALSE Mortality less than 10% acute respiratory dz - neuro signs
27
What are clinical signs of Velogenic Avian Paramyxoviruse-1?
HIGH MORTALITY - up to 100% Resp. signs, CNS - torticollis/tremors, lethargy, anorexia, green/white dhr, peri-tracheal edema, cecal and tonsil necrosis, decrease in egg production **birds that survive may never lay eggs again
28
What is an easy dx test that can performed on the farm if you suspect New Castle Dz?
haemagglutination test
29
What dx tests should be performed to confirm the dx of New Castle dz?
**isolating the virus is gold standard dx: this method uses SPF (specific pathogen free eggs) to culture virus Other methods: ELISA and Rt-PCR
30
T/F: the best samples for testing for avian paramyxovirus-1 are collected at necropsy.
FALSE | It is best to get samples from live, sick chickens (that are close to death) - blood, tracheal, oropharyngeal swabs
31
What strains of avian paramyxovirus-1 are used to make the live vaccine for new castle disease? What are the modes of administration for this vaccine?
Lentogenic and mesogenic admin via aerosol spray, in drinking water, intranasal, conjunctival instillation **this is ideal for commercial farms
32
T/F: The inactivated vaccine for Avian paramyxovirus is more cost effective for commercial farmers
FALSE | This vaccine is expense and must be injected into each bird - not ideal for commercial farming
33
What is the best form of treatment for New Castle Disease?
jk jk jk jk jk... CULL THEM ALL :( make sure no wild birds or pests can get into chicken houses, practice "all in-all out" methods
34
T/F: The Nipah virus is a new emerging virus of high zoonotic concern
TRUE This virus is considered a Biological weapon by the CDC ZOONOTIC BSL4
35
Who is the reservoir for Nipah virus?
Flying foxes aka fruit bats
36
To what genus does the Nipah virus belong?
Henipavirus
37
From which animal does the Nipah virus spread to humans?
PIGS The virus starts in bats --> infects pigs --> pigs will infect humans, dogs, cats, horses, etc via DIRECT CONTACT
38
What are the dz names used for the Nipah virus?
Barking pig syndrome Porcine respiratory and encephalitis syndrome Porcine respiratory and neurologic syyndrome
39
T/F: The nipah virus can not survive long in bat urine or fruit juice
FALSE | It can survive for days in bat urine and fruit juice (suspected to be MOT to pigs - not confirmed yet)
40
What clinical signs do you see in piglets less than a month of age, infected with nipah virus?
Labored breathing - muscle tremors | Mortality = 40%
41
What clinical signs do you see in piglets between 1 - 6 months of age, infected with nipah virus?
Acute fever with respiratory signs, difficulty breathing, nasal discharge, ***loud non-productive cough Neuro signs - muscular fasciculation, myoclonus, limb weakness and partial paresis HIGH morbidity, LOW mortality
42
What clinical signs do you see in pigs over 6 months old, infected with nipah virus?
100% Morbidity Acute fever, resp. distress, nasal discharge --> secondary infections ***Neuro signs - muscular fasciculation, myoclonus, limb weakness and paresis Sows in first trimester = abortions
43
What dx test is required if you suspect Nipah virus?
Must ISOLATE VIRUS (2 cell lines are used: Vero, RK-13) other dx: virus neutralization (plaque reduction), real time PCR, Immunohistochemistry
44
T/F: Pigs infected with Nipah virus must be culled
TRUE | cull and burn the carcasses
45
To which genus does canine distemper virus belong?
Morbilivirus
46
T/F: Canine distemper can infection wild cats
TRUE but it DOES NOT infect domestic cat species ***canine and feline distemper DO NOT have the same epidemiology
47
What strain of Canine Distemper is present in the US? Who are the reservoirs?
American-1 | Circulating in raccoons
48
T/F: America, Asia, Europe, and the Artic all have unique strains of canine distemper
TRUE
49
T/F: Vomiting and Diarrhea is not a clinical sign of canine distemper virus
FALSE | This can be noted in severe infections - perfuse watery dhr and vomiting
50
What kind of prognosis does a dog with neurological signs from distemper virus have?
POOR
51
What other clinical signs are usually associated with CNS signs in dogs infected with canine distemper?
Hyperkeratosis of paw pads and nose (due to the virus replication in those tissues) CNS signs include - seizures and para/tetra-paresis
52
What secretions/excretions is the canine distemper virus shed in?
ALL OF THEM ---- EVERYTHING
53
What are common clinical signs noted in patients with canine distemper virus?
Respiratory signs - Bilateral nasal discharge - starts serous --> mucopurulent (usually due to secondary infections), decreased appetite, FEVER, coughing, depression, conjunctivitis, leukopenia
54
Who is the most susceptible to the canine distemper virus?
puppies 4-6 months old
55
Where does canine distemper virus replicate? | What cells does it infect
First in the upper respiratory macrophages --> spreads to tonsils and LN --> viremia -- can attack T and B cells and begin replicating in the epithelial cells of the lungs, bladder, and skin ***Distemper infects ALL CELLS expressing CD150
56
What is the fastest Dx test for canine distemper?
Real time PCR | Other tests - virus isolation (via lymphocytes - CD150) and immunofluorescence
57
T/F: if a dog recovers from a distemper infection, it will have temporary immunity from the virus.
FALSE - life long immunity
58
How do you treat canine distemper?
Symptomatically - quarantine | No anti-viral tx available
59
What type of vaccine is used for canine distemper?
MODIFIED LIVE
60
What can be given to a patient ASAP if they have come in contact with a distemper positive animal?
Hyper-immune serum
61
T/F: Paramyxoviruses can replicate in enucleated cells
TRUE

RUSVM Virology Spring17 (23 decks)

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