Paper 8

Question 1

Buffer nerves

Answer 1

Nerves supplying baroreceptors & chemoreceptors are buffer nerves becoz these nerves regulate heart rate blood pressure & respiration
Buffer nerves are IX CN also called hering nerve , X CN - aortic nerves

Question 2

Buffers - which resist change when acid or alkali is added

Buffer system or acid base buffer system - which act immediately to prevent change in PH by binding to free H+
Types of buffer systems

Answer 2

1) bicarbonate buffers system
2) phosphate buffer system
3) protein buffer system

Question 3

Uremia

Answer 3

Accumulation of end products of protein metabolism ie, urea nitrogen creatinine in blood

Question 4

Causes of uremia
common features

Answer 4

Failure of kidney to excrete metabolic end products & toxic substances
Common features - anorexia, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, pain or cramps, lack of concentration, tetany

Question 5

Atrial flutter

Answer 5

Arrhythmia characterised by rapid ineffective atrial contractions

Question 6

Muscle tone definition

Answer 6

Continuous & partial contraction of muscles with certain degree of vigor & tension

Question 7

Maintenance of muscle tone
1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle

Answer 7

1) skeletal muscle - neurogenic, continuous discharge of impulse from gamma motor neuron in SP controlled by higher centers of brain
2) cardiac - myogenic, muscles themselves control tone, not under nervous control
3) smooth muscle - myogenic, it depends on Ca, no.of cross bridges