Paper 13

Question 1

Name clotting factors
1) prothrombin
2) thrombin
3) thromboplastin
4) Ca
5) labile factor

Answer 1

6) — not found
7) stable factor
8) anti-hemophilic factor
9) Christmas factor
10) stuart factor
11) thromboplastin antecedent
12) hageman factor /contact
13) fibrin stabilizing factor fibrinase

Question 2

Abnormal breathing or periodic breathing means,
Types :

Answer 2

Abnormal or uneven respiratory rhythm is periodic breathing
Types :
1) cheyne - strokes breathing
Waxing, waning & apnea
2) Biot breathing - apnea, hyperapnea

Question 3

Biots breathing means
Causes -
When it occurs - only in pathological conditions by “ lesion in the respiratory centre “

Answer 3

Form of periodic breathing characterised by period of apnea, hyperapnea,
Causes - due to apnea, co2 accumilates stimulate respiratory centre, leading to hyperapnea
- During this period, co2 washed out so respiratory centres are not stimulated leading to apnea

Question 4

Indications or conditions when artificial respiration is required ?
In which conditions it is required?
Purpose of it?

Answer 4

Artificial respi - required when there is arrest of breathing, without cardiac failure

# Required in conditions like :
Accidents, gas poisoning, electric shock, anesthesia
# Purpose of artificial respiration : to ventilate alveoli, stimulate respi centre

Question 5

Methods of artificial respiration
Types?

Answer 5

1) manual method -quick resuscitation
- mouth to mouth method
- holger - nielson method
2) mechanical method - if subject need artificial respiration for long periods
- drinker method
- ventilation method

Question 6

Mouth to mouth method

Answer 6

1) subject is kept in supine position & resuscitator kneels at side of subject
2) keep thumb on mouth & pull lower jaw downwards ,close nostrils with thumb & index finger of other hand
3) resuscitator takes deep inspiration & exhales into subject mouth, so that lungs are expanded
4) then resuscitator removes his mouth, now passive expiration occurs in subject due to elastic recoli of lungs
Done for 12-14 min till restoration

Question 7

Holger - nielsen method or back pressure arm lift method

Answer 7

1) subject is placed in prone position with head turned to one side, arms are placed under the cheek, resuscitator kneels beside head of subject, places palm of hand over back
2) pressure applied on back of subject
3) wt of resuscitator & pressure on back compress chest & expels air
4) resuscitator draws subject arms forward, holding it just above elbow
# this procedure causes expansion of thoracic cage & flow of air into lungs
Movements are repeated at rate of 12/min till respiration is restored

Question 8

Drinker method

Answer 8

1) machine used : iron lung chamber or tank respirator, equipment has
air tight chamber made of steel or iron subject is placed inside with head out
2) pump - pressure inside chamber if -ve thoracic cage expands, inspiration occurs, +ve pressure expiration occurs
3) by tank respirator, patient survive for long time, upto one year till restore

Question 9

Ventilator method
Machine - ventilator to treat acute respiratory failure
Types : volume ventilator
Pressure ventilator

Answer 9

Rubber tube is inserted in trachea of patient through mouth
Using pump, air pumped into lungs due to this “ Inflation of lungs , inspiration occurs “ When it stops expiration occurs

Question 10

Diffusion or passive transport

Answer 10

Substance move from high concentration to low
Types of diffusion : 3
Simple diffusion through lipid layer
Simple diffusion through protein layer
Facilitated or carrier mediated

Question 11

Pinocytosis or cell drinking

Answer 11

Process by which macromolecules like bacteria & antigens are taken into cells
It is a special type of active transport ie, endocytosis

Question 12

Actin filament or light band

Answer 12

Thin filament, with length 1 mu
Extend s from either side of z line, run across I band & enter A band upto H zone

Question 13

Myosin filament
Mn - MAD

Answer 13

Thick filament, with length 1.5mu
Present in A band

Question 14

Cyanosis means, cause, distribution

Answer 14

Bluish colouration of skin mucus membranes due to “inadequate oxygen in BLOOD”
Cause - reduced Hg
Distribution - all over body, more marked in region where skin is thin

Question 15

Cyanosis occurs in conditions like 4

Answer 15

1) in stagnant hypoxia
2) due to altered Hg by poisoning, by formation of methamoglobin, sulf hemoglobin
3) polycythemia - becoz of slugishness of blood flow
4) seen in heart failure, hypovolumetric shock, obstruction of blood vessels

Question 16

Brain - bridge reflex or cardio accelerator reflex or rt ateial reflex

Answer 16

1) ⬆️venous return causes
2) stimulation of baroreceptors in rt atrium send
3) afferent impulses through sympathetic nerve to vasodilator area
4) “inhibition of vaso dilator area “
5) vagal tone decreases
6) heart rate increases