Paper 23

Question 1

OsmolaLity - per kg

Answer 1

Concentration of osmotically active substances in a solution
Osmolarity = no.of osmoles per kg of solvent ie, osmoles/kg H2O

Question 2

OsmolaRity

Answer 2

No.of particles per liter of solution denoted as osmoles per liter of sol
It is another term that express osmotic concentration

Question 3

Tonicity

Answer 3

Measure of effective osmolaLity.
Na, glucose - large molecules, influence movement of water they are called Effective osmoles.
Urea, alcohol - ineffective osmoles

Question 4

Anemia means

Answer 4

Blood disorder characterized by reduction in :
RBC count, Hb content, PCV
Causes for ⬇️in rbc is :
1) ⬇️production of rbc
2) ⬆️destruction of rbc
3) excess loss of blood

Question 5

Classification of anemia
1) morphological 4 types
Depends on size & colour
-Size by MCV
-Colour by mean corpuscular hb concentration (MCHC)

Answer 5

1) Normocytic normochromic
2) Macrocytic normochromic
3) Macrocytic hypochromic
4) Microcytic hypochromic

Question 6

Classification of anemia
2) etiological classification 5 types

Answer 6

1) Hemorrhagic anemia
2) Hemolytic
3) Nutrition deficiency
4) Aplastic anemia
5) Anemia of chronic diseases

Question 7

Anosmia

Answer 7

Total loss of sensation of smell ie, inability to recognize or detect odor
It may be temporary or permanent
#Temporary - due to obstruction of nose eg: common cold, allergies
#Permanent - due to lesion in olfactory tract eg : Parkinson, Alzheimers

Question 8

Hyposmia

Answer 8

Reduced ability to recognize and to detect any odor, odors can be detected only at high concentration
-most common disorder of smell
-may be temporary, permanent
-due to same cause of anosmia

Question 9

Hyperosmia

Answer 9

Increased or exaggerated olfactory sensation also alled olfactory hyperesthesia, it occurs due to brain injury, epilepsy

Question 10

Applied physiology of spleen
1) splenomegaly & hypersplenism means, causes, effects

Answer 10

Splenomegaly - enlargement of spleen
Hypersplenism - ⬆️ activity of spleen

Question 11

Oncotic pressure or colloidal osmaotic pressure

Answer 11

Pressure exerted by plasma protein, they are not filtered & causes pressure ie, 25mm of Hg
Mainly by albumin protein

Question 12

Starling hypothesis

Answer 12

Net filteration through capillary membrane is proportional to hydrostatic pressure difference across membrane - oncotic pressure

Question 13

Filteration fraction

Answer 13

Fraction of renal plasma, that becomes filtrate,
FF = GFR ÷ renal plasma flow ×100
= 125 ml /min ÷ 650 ml/min ×100
= 19.2 %
Net FF is 15 to 20%

Question 14

Distribution or compartments of body fluids

Answer 14

Total body water = 40L
Two compartments :
1) intracellular fluid - 22L forms 55% of total body water
2) extracellular fluid - 18L forms 45% of total body water
# ECF is divided into a) interstitial fluid & lymph b) plasma c) bone fluid d) cartilage fluid e) trans cellular fluid ie, CSF, synovial, peritonial ,digestive juices

Question 15

Hypothermia causes

Answer 15

⬇️in body temp below 95°F /35° C
- impairment of metabolic activities
- when it drops below 31°C is fatal
- causes : exposure to cold temp, hypo-thyroidism,hypopititarism , hypothalamus lesion, hemmorages

Question 16

Hyperthermia or pyrexia

Answer 16

Elevation of body temperature
- fever is not illness but something is going wrong in body
- it may be beneficial in infections
Types : low grade - 39°, moderate - 40°, high grade - 42°

Question 17

Causes of fever 4

Answer 17

1) infection by bacteria, viruses
2) hyperthyroidism
3) brain lesion of temp regulations
4) diabetes insipidus

Question 18

Bradycardia

Answer 18

Decrease in heart rate below 60/min
physiological - sleep, athlete
Pathological - hypothyroidism, hypothermia, heart attack, obstructive jaundice, congenital heart disease
Drugs - beta blockers, channel blockers, digitais drug