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GCSE - Geography (Dave) > Paper 4 > Flashcards

Paper 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the discharge of a river measured in?

A

Cubic meters / second (cumecs)

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2
Q

What is the hydraulic radius an indicator of?

A

Energy of the river - higher = more erosion

lower = more deposition

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3
Q

How would you pick people for a questionnaire?

A

Systematic sampling - e.g every 10 people

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4
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey on the beach?

A

Check low/high tide - less dangerous to go at low tide

Check weather forecast - no work if storm is forecast

Make sure phone is charged - call in an emergency

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5
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey in a woodland?

A

Stay together as a group

Stay on the paths

Wear boots / appropriate clothing

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6
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey of a river?

A

Do not perform in lower course due to high velocity of river

Do not go in deep water (higher than knee height)

Wear waterproof clothes if going in the water

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7
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the width of a river?

A

Tape measure

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8
Q

Why would you measure the bank full measurements of a river rather than what is there currently?

A

Can be used to compare rivers, even if one is in drought and one has high waters

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9
Q

Why is measure the bank full measurements difficult?

A

Have to estimate / guess where the river is at its highest

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10
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the depth of a river?

A

Ranging poles OR Longer rule

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11
Q

When measuring depth how many measurements should you make?

A

At least 10 as you need to obtain an average

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12
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the wetted perimeter of a river?

A

Heavy Chain Tape Measure

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13
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the bedload of a river?

A

Roundness / angularity charts

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14
Q

What is the problem of using visual charts?

A

The result can be described as subjective

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15
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the velocity of a river?

A

Flow meter - digital

Hydroprop propeller with stopwatch

Floats

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16
Q

What is the problem using a float to measure the velocity of a river?

A

Only measures surface velocity

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17
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the gradient of some land or a river?

A

Ranging poles Clinometer

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18
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the suspended load of a river?

A

Turbidity tube

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19
Q

Where should you stand when taking measurements in a river?

A

Downstream of the recording device

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20
Q

What is the equation for the cross sectional area of a river?

A

cross sectional area = mean depth x width

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21
Q

What is the equation for the discharge of a river?

A

discharge = cross-sectional area x velocity

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22
Q

What is the equation for the hydraulic radius of a river?

A

hydraulic radius = cross-sectional area / wetted perimeter

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23
Q

How could you work out the direction of a prevailing wind?

A

Wind sock / wet finger Use compass Check over a period of time

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24
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen painted white?

A

To reflect solar radiation

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25
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen at least 1.2m above the ground?

A

So it doesn’t receive heat released from ground

26
Q

Why does the Stevenson screen have slats?

A

To allow air to circulate freely

27
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen at least 2x the height away from things?

A

To avoid shade

To avoid heat from the buildings

Ensures air circulation

28
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen on a grass surface?

A

To avoid reflection from white surfaces / absorption from black surfaces

29
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen’s door face north?

A

Face away from the sun

30
Q

What is objective data?

A

Not influenced by people’s opinions

31
Q

What is subjective data?

A

Personal opinion has an affect on the data

32
Q

What is primary data?

A

Any data personally collected by you / team

33
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Any data collected by someone else (internet, book etc.)

34
Q

What are the advantages of primary data?

A

Up to date

Data relevant to coursework

Covers only study area

35
Q

What are the advantages of secondary data?

A

Quicker

Study larger area

Can include things you cannot measure (salaries)

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of primary data?

A

Data may have personal bias

Time consuming

Can be expensive to travel for data

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of secondary data?

A

Out of date

Might not know how data was collected

More information than is necessary

38
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data which uses figures

39
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

More written data or even photos

40
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Collecting data in a regular pattern

41
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every area / person has an equal chance of being studied / asked

42
Q

What is a pilot survey?

A

Test which is carried out before the data collection

43
Q

What are the advantages of closed questions?

A

Data can be used for graphs/tables easily Results always relevant

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of closed questions?

A

Lack personal information

Forced to have an “other” box

Your personal opinion is represented by the questions

45
Q

How can questionnaires be presented?

A

Orally or written

46
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

Square divided into smaller squares by lines, can be used to measure distribution of vegetation

47
Q

What is a trundle wheel?

A

Wheel which clicks every 10 meters it travels, good for longer distances

48
Q

What are callipers?

A

Measuring device for small objects, by placing the object in the callipers then close it

49
Q

What is clinometer?

A

Clinometers are used for measuring slope angle (gradient).

50
Q

What are ranging poles?

A

Used for measuring slope angles

51
Q

What is a flowmeter?

A

Pole with a propeller which you place under the water, digital readout gives velocity

52
Q

What is a transect?

A

A line along which you take measurements

53
Q

How could you improve data which you have collected?

A

Counts more regularly / more repeated

Repeat it in a different location which is still relevant

Use more than one group for the results so there is a better average

54
Q

What is a chloropleth map?

A

A map which uses shading to represent density of population etc.

55
Q

What should you do in every conclusion?

A

Refer back to hypothesis & state whether you agree/disagree

Use some data to support findings

State what you have learnt from your investigation

56
Q

Whatt should you do in an evaluation?

A

What went well (briefly)

Any problems with data collection

Problems which could be changed in the future

Secondary data that could be useful

57
Q

What is a SMART hypothesis?

A

S = Specific

M = Measurable

A = Achievable

R = Realistic

T = Time-related

58
Q

What are the advantages of photographs?

A

· They are more accurate than fieldsketches

· They can be good for showing data collection techniques e.g. measuring a river’s load

· They can support data collection findings e.g. they can show an example of a poor environment

· They can show temporal changes, especially if you can find historical photos.

· You can annotate and label them.

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of photographs?

A

· People often include photos that are not relevant e.g. a photo of their friends

· People forget to label, annotate or refer to photos, which then makes them irrelevant.

· People often only photograph the nice things e.g. pretty view and forget the more ugly areas that are just as important e.g. area of pollution

· They can often contains too much information e.g. people and vehicles

· Because they are two dimensional, depth can be deceptive

60
Q

What are the 7 stages of a geographical study?

A
  1. Identification of question
  2. Formulation of design of work
  3. Collection of data
  4. Selection & collation of data
  5. Representation & recording of results
  6. Analysis & interpretation
  7. Making effective conclusions, suggesting solutions, evaluation

GCSE - Geography (Dave) (16 decks)

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