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GCSE - Geography (Dave) > Paper 4 > Flashcards

Paper 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the discharge of a river measured in?

A

Cubic meters / second (cumecs)

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2
Q

What is the hydraulic radius an indicator of?

A

Energy of the river - higher = more erosion

lower = more deposition

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3
Q

How would you pick people for a questionnaire?

A

Systematic sampling - e.g every 10 people

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4
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey on the beach?

A

Check low/high tide - less dangerous to go at low tide

Check weather forecast - no work if storm is forecast

Make sure phone is charged - call in an emergency

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5
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey in a woodland?

A

Stay together as a group

Stay on the paths

Wear boots / appropriate clothing

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6
Q

What safety precautions should you take if you are doing a survey of a river?

A

Do not perform in lower course due to high velocity of river

Do not go in deep water (higher than knee height)

Wear waterproof clothes if going in the water

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7
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the width of a river?

A

Tape measure

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8
Q

Why would you measure the bank full measurements of a river rather than what is there currently?

A

Can be used to compare rivers, even if one is in drought and one has high waters

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9
Q

Why is measure the bank full measurements difficult?

A

Have to estimate / guess where the river is at its highest

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10
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the depth of a river?

A

Ranging poles OR Longer rule

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11
Q

When measuring depth how many measurements should you make?

A

At least 10 as you need to obtain an average

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12
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the wetted perimeter of a river?

A

Heavy Chain Tape Measure

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13
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the bedload of a river?

A

Roundness / angularity charts

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14
Q

What is the problem of using visual charts?

A

The result can be described as subjective

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15
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the velocity of a river?

A

Flow meter - digital

Hydroprop propeller with stopwatch

Floats

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16
Q

What is the problem using a float to measure the velocity of a river?

A

Only measures surface velocity

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17
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the gradient of some land or a river?

A

Ranging poles Clinometer

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18
Q

What equipment is needed to measure the suspended load of a river?

A

Turbidity tube

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19
Q

Where should you stand when taking measurements in a river?

A

Downstream of the recording device

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20
Q

What is the equation for the cross sectional area of a river?

A

cross sectional area = mean depth x width

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21
Q

What is the equation for the discharge of a river?

A

discharge = cross-sectional area x velocity

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22
Q

What is the equation for the hydraulic radius of a river?

A

hydraulic radius = cross-sectional area / wetted perimeter

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23
Q

How could you work out the direction of a prevailing wind?

A

Wind sock / wet finger Use compass Check over a period of time

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24
Q

Why is the Stevenson screen painted white?

A

To reflect solar radiation

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25
Why is the Stevenson screen at least 1.2m above the ground?
So it doesn't receive heat released from ground
26
Why does the Stevenson screen have slats?
To allow air to circulate freely
27
Why is the Stevenson screen at least 2x the height away from things?
To avoid shade To avoid heat from the buildings Ensures air circulation
28
Why is the Stevenson screen on a grass surface?
To avoid reflection from white surfaces / absorption from black surfaces
29
Why is the Stevenson screen's door face north?
Face away from the sun
30
What is objective data?
Not influenced by people's opinions
31
What is subjective data?
Personal opinion has an affect on the data
32
What is primary data?
Any data personally collected by you / team
33
What is secondary data?
Any data collected by someone else (internet, book etc.)
34
What are the advantages of primary data?
Up to date Data relevant to coursework Covers only study area
35
What are the advantages of secondary data?
Quicker Study larger area Can include things you cannot measure (salaries)
36
What are the disadvantages of primary data?
Data may have personal bias Time consuming Can be expensive to travel for data
37
What are the disadvantages of secondary data?
Out of date Might not know how data was collected More information than is necessary
38
What is quantitative data?
Data which uses figures
39
What is qualitative data?
More written data or even photos
40
What is systematic sampling?
Collecting data in a regular pattern
41
What is random sampling?
Every area / person has an equal chance of being studied / asked
42
What is a pilot survey?
Test which is carried out before the data collection
43
What are the advantages of closed questions?
Data can be used for graphs/tables easily Results always relevant
44
What are the disadvantages of closed questions?
Lack personal information Forced to have an "other" box Your personal opinion is represented by the questions
45
How can questionnaires be presented?
Orally or written
46
What is a quadrat?
Square divided into smaller squares by lines, can be used to measure distribution of vegetation ![]()
47
What is a trundle wheel?
Wheel which clicks every 10 meters it travels, good for longer distances ![]()
48
What are callipers?
Measuring device for small objects, by placing the object in the callipers then close it ![]()
49
What is clinometer?
Clinometers are used for measuring slope angle (gradient). ## Footnote ![]()
50
What are ranging poles?
Used for measuring slope angles ## Footnote ![]()
51
What is a flowmeter?
Pole with a propeller which you place under the water, digital readout gives velocity ## Footnote ![]()
52
What is a transect?
A line along which you take measurements
53
How could you improve data which you have collected?
Counts more regularly / more repeated Repeat it in a different location which is still relevant Use more than one group for the results so there is a better average
54
What is a chloropleth map?
A map which uses shading to represent density of population etc. ## Footnote ![]()
55
What should you do in every conclusion?
Refer back to hypothesis & state whether you agree/disagree Use some data to support findings State what you have learnt from your investigation
56
Whatt should you do in an evaluation?
What went well (briefly) Any problems with data collection Problems which could be changed in the future Secondary data that could be useful
57
What is a SMART hypothesis?
S = Specific M = Measurable A = Achievable R = Realistic T = Time-related
58
What are the advantages of photographs?
· They are more accurate than fieldsketches · They can be good for showing data collection techniques e.g. measuring a river's load · They can support data collection findings e.g. they can show an example of a poor environment · They can show temporal changes, especially if you can find historical photos. · You can annotate and label them.
59
What are the disadvantages of photographs?
· People often include photos that are not relevant e.g. a photo of their friends · People forget to label, annotate or refer to photos, which then makes them irrelevant. · People often only photograph the nice things e.g. pretty view and forget the more ugly areas that are just as important e.g. area of pollution · They can often contains too much information e.g. people and vehicles · Because they are two dimensional, depth can be deceptive
60
What are the 7 stages of a geographical study?
1. Identification of question 2. Formulation of design of work 3. Collection of data 4. Selection & collation of data 5. Representation & recording of results 6. Analysis & interpretation 7. Making effective conclusions, suggesting solutions, evaluation

GCSE - Geography (Dave) (16 decks)

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