Paper 3 Studies Flashcards
Taylor (2005)
Women have an alternative response to fight or flight called Tend & Befriend. They seek social support to help them against the threat and naturally protect the most vulnerable members of the group.
● Example of Beta Bias
Brescoll & Uhlman (2008)
PMS is a social construct and a pathologization of female emotion, blaming hormones for normal feelings. It depicts frames female anger as irrational from a male perspective.
● Example of Androcentrism
Cornwell et al.
Women are better at learning than men due to a greater level of attentiveness and organisational ability
● Empowering women in research {Eval}
Eagly (1987)
Women make less effective leaders than men BECAUSE of a lack of support for women in male-dominated fields
● Feminist Psychology {Eval}
Hare-Mustin & Maracek
Arguing for equality undermines the special needs of women. This means that seemingly neutral policies and actions end up disproportionately benefitting men.
● Reasons to avoid beta bias {Eval}
Henrich et al.
The ethnocentricity of most research is due to its origination in WEIRD countries (Western, Educated, industrial, Rich, Democratic). This means the “standard” values of psychological research are white American values, leading to other cultural practices, beliefs, values etc. being labelled as “abnormal”.
● Cultural Bias through Ethnocentrism
Sternberg (1985)
Studied cultural variations in intelligence, comparing pre-literate societies to post-literate societies. In the former, co-ordination begets intelligence while academic performance does in the latter.
Pointed out that, without assuming a culturally relativistic approach, we risk coming to the wrong conclusions, devaluing societies and fostering prejudice/discrimination.
● Cultural Relativism
Berry (1969)
Coined the terms emic and etic approach. The former is culturally relativistic, the second is about cross-comparing cultures and making general laws
● Culture Bias
Smith & Bond (Textbooks)
Reviewed European social psychology textbooks.
- 66% of studies were American
- 32% of studies were European
- 2% fell into other categories
● Recognising Cultural Bias {Eval}
Smith & Bond (Collectivist Cultures)
+ Takano & Osaka (1999)
S&B suggested collectivist were more conformist, and Asch was culturally biassed
T&O found there was no evidence of a culture split in 14/15 Asch-like studies between the US & Japan. Critics of S&B have argued this is due to globalisation through the media.
● Is it an older issue? {Eval}
James (1980)
Human behaviour has a cause, but people have conscious mental control over their behaviours within the realms of what they know.
● Soft Determinism
