Paper 3: Section A - Globalisation

Question 1

How did fourth wave feminism digital communication help FIGHT partiachy?

Answer 1

Laura Bates - Viral post on her experience of being groped on a bus. Kickstarted her campaign group and gave her and other girls with a similar experience a space to share sexual harassment / assault story and support each other.

Haraway - Wrote a manifesto where she believed women should be included in knowledge related to technology, which seems to be heavily produced by men. She thinks feminists shouldn’t be excluded from technological advances and should be involved. She believes technology is a way for women to become more empowered because they can create new forms of identity as males’s perception of a female is socially constructed and highly politicised.

Larasi - Started a campaign to address racist and sexist stereotypes in music videos like students banning the song ‘Blurred Lines’ by Robin Thicke due to its obscenity.

Younis - Experience online abuse from boys in her year and wrote an article on it which went viral. She now is in a campaign encouraging feminist societies in schools countrywide.

Question 2

List three feminist ideas for how can DC be used to fight patriarchy and improve women’s lives?

Answer 2

• Through campaigns and suport groups regarding women who have been through exploitation(younsis)
• Ethnic minorities coming together to battle misogyny in their culture (Saudi women speaking out against their oppression, lifting the law on driving, MALALA YOUSAFAI!!)
• Anonymity, Hart argues that the internet gives a place for women to express their opinions confidently online without their gender being used as a barrier against them.

Question 3

List 3 marxist ideas about their views on digital communication.

Answer 3

OVERALL - They HATE it.

• Maintains social closure through social capital. there’s a phrase called ‘old boy’s network’ - which is when jobs are kept for friends or peers. This maintains capitalism as the rich people give jobs to the rich. (castell)
• Gives the people at the top the opportunity to survey those below them. Employers can track whatever their employees are doing and make desisions based on that. Also, through this survellience employees can brainwash consumers by installing subtle ads, making them gain more money.
• Through media convergence, it aids the bourgoise by providing them with more platforms o make money off of. Zuckerburg, for example, started off with Facebook, but has now bought Whatsapp and Instagram. Bagdikian - New forms of communication reflect the ideas of media company owners, who represent the bourgeoisie. They have the ability to control people’s views and behaviour.

Question 4

1. Define globalisation. Do you remember the study that goes alongside it?

Answer 4

Globalisation is the process of the world becoming smaller because we are all interconnected through various ways. It involves social, economic and political changes which aren’t experienced by all societies in the same way.

Cochrane and Paine - “Drugs, crime, sex, disease, people, ideas, images, news, information, entertainment, pollution, goods and money now all travel the globe. The lives of ordinary people everywhere in the world seem increasingly to be shaped by events, decisions and actions that take place far away from where they live and work.”

Question 5

2. What is a global village?

Answer 5

MuLuhan argued that in the 1960’s, the world became a smaller place. People can create and / or maintain relationships with other people who live far away. This is driven by the industry, travel, a globally accessible media and the internet.

Question 6

4. How is the world becoming globalised?

Answer 6

Economically - Economic aspect focuses on the integration of global economies as well as flow of trade and capital across nation borders.

Socially- Social aspect includes lifestyle, perception, and communication. Resources are based on group memberships, relationships or networks.

Culturally - The knowledge, skills, atitudes and education someone has, giving them a higher status ins society.

Question 7

Define virtual communities and give at least two examples.

Answer 7

Definition: A social network of individuals who create an online community that may or may not reflect their off line lives.

Examples:

• Chatrooms
• Virtual worlds (Binweevils)
• Social media platforms
• Knowledge sharing (Wikipedia)

Question 8

I know Castell’s study.

Answer 8

Castell’s was a Marxist. He believes that there’s a phrase called ‘old boy’s network’ - which is when jobs are kept for friends or peers. This maintains capitalism as the rich people give jobs to the rich.

An example of this was David Cameron giving a job to Boris Johnson because they were friends at secondary school, or Monoux alumni reviving jobs from other Monoux alumni.

Linkedin is a massive part of this - it’s Facebook for jobs. So therefore, employees will look at their friends looking for jobs over a stranger.

Question 9

How does DC make patriarchy worse

Answer 9

CEOP - Some negative consequences of DC is through exploitation. This is through sexual, emotional and physical abuse with king short and long term effects and implications. The further commodification and sexualisation of women in video games adds to men’s violence towards women.

Arlaccki - Believes exploitation has been one of the most undesirable consequences of globalisation. He believes that no country considers it a priority. The only benefit is being aware of it

Centre of Social Justice - Modern slaves include UK nationals.

Question 10

What are three post modernist views of dc? POSTIVE

Answer 10

Bjorklund - Argues that Facebook is a replacement of autobiographies, which people use to describe their lives. She says that DC offer an ongoing autobiography and record their lives to reminisce back on later on in life.

Foucault - Argues that surveillance is the most effective in terms of regulating behaviour and reducing crimes in society. A person who’s aware of they’re being watched is less likely to commit a crime knowing they’re more likely to get caught. An example is loyalty cards, where supermarkets collect information on their customers’ tastes, preferences and habits of their customers.

Hart - Can find poke minded people on a community. For example, Black Twitter.

Question 11

What are theee post modernist is of NEGATIVE

Answer 11

Case - Argues that adolescents will create two personas of themselves - one online and one offline. This is harder to remove childish mistakes as everything is visible, like an ‘adult trail’. Many people don’t realise once they post something on social media, it’s stored by companies and is hard to permanently hard to remove or get rid off.

Catfish (example)

Anonymity

Question 12

Who would be considered cultural pessimists (people who focus on the negatives of DC)?

Answer 12

ALL Marxists hate digital communication

Some feminists hate digital communication (Larassi, CEOP, Social Justice etc)

Some PostModernists hate digital communication (Case etc)

Question 13

why is dc bad feminists

Answer 13

governments don’t know how to stop pedophiles and the laws aren’t working or strong enough to prevent exploration. this may be because the laws and contraception are not targeted towards men.

women are more likely to be arrested for drug trafficking ie the romeo effect. hot breakfast makes in love gf smuggle drugs as in the airport they’re more likely to be persuaded to go

Question 14

Does digital communication have NEGATIVE effect on the elderly?

Two points for
Two points against

Answer 14

✅Berry - Argues there’s a digital divide between the youth and the elderly. The elderly whom do not have access to the internet will have a lack of skills.

❌Beoslosf -Finds new relationships online

✅ boyle - new generations rely too much on the internet, so older generatiosn miss out

❌shaw and gant - they argued more than more someone uses the Internet for digital communication it’s lessens their loneliness. For example grandparents who live far away from the children and the rest of the family can FaceTime and like it’s in every day conversation so they don’t feel too alone

Question 15

postive -DC has had an impact on the young

Answer 15

✅Viktoria research-– adolescence have greater access to expensive phones tablets and laptops which gives them more ways to interact with digital communication.

✅Belosstorf - This is another opportunity to meet people and help young people develop healthy relationships outside of their physical area. For example Snapchat is a way where people can add people all over the world and form friendships.
❌ Paris brown – Paris Brown wanted to help the youth police however racist tweets from her childhood were brought up and she was denied of a job. This is negative because the digital footprint that our generation faces impacts us forever and is held against us when it’s not necessarily the views that a person may haven’t currently. teenagers are more likely to say reckless things out of stupidity but it follows us for the rest of our lives.

❌ Boyle-he argues that every generation has a reliance on digital communication. Whilst this could be a good way for the younger generation to communicate more efficiently this is negative because young people may lack essential life skills for their careers in future. For example a lot of young people struggle when it comes to face-to-face communication as they’re very reliant on the Internet. this is negative as in the jobs public speaking and communication is essential.

Question 16

Has DC had an postive or negative impact pn relationships?

Answer 16

✅ Zhao - Says that activities that connect individuals directly to each other (emails WhatsApp) tend to have positive correlations to social ties which strengthens relationships.

✅shaw and gant - they argue people can use digital communication to lessen their loneliness. For example, grandparents who live far away from the children and the rest of the family can FaceTime them and like it’s an every day conversation so they don’t feel too alone.

✅Feld - says that people use social networks to evaluate themselves and others. An individuals identity is determined by their network of friends. People are more likely to defend people who are similar to them or have traits that interest them.

❌Turkle - Nowadays, people alone together in the same room but they use their devices to communicate instead of real life conversations. This may have a negative impact on off-line relationships as they’re used to digital communication. Could also impact essential life skills such as communicating in a job interview, for example.

❌ Miller-argues that Facebook can be responsible for breaking up existing relationship/marriages. They believe somebody’s honesty is more noticeable on their social media profile, than how they display themselves face-to-face.

❌Clayton - Clayton argues Twitter related conflicts can lead to negative relationship outcomes including emotional and physical cheating, break ups and divorce.

Question 17

General Throstis Ideas On dc (Marxists, Feminists and PM’s) Whoa greess with each other and who disagrees.

Answer 17

marxists-they absolutely disagree with the idea of digital communication because they believe all forms aid the bourgeoisie. receive no benefits for the lower classes and believe it’s a way for the higher class to brainwash, control, and make more money.

feminists-some feminists believe that digital communication is key for fighting patriarchy and speaking up about oppression. Support groups are made online to help people who are victims of sexual assault for example. however some feminists believe that digital communication aid exploitation and feed into the ideas on sexualisation of women.

PM - …

Question 18

 what is cultural homogenisation?

Answer 18

This is the idea that western culture is threatening to dominate other cultures which interns create a culture characterised by capitalism, patriarchy, secularisation, and individualism.

an example of this is majority of online information is written by an English-speaking western cultural perspective.

Question 19

List three characteristics of cultural home a genocide Seshan

Answer 19

capitalist ideology – a specific economic system where there’s a distinct upper-class who extract profit from the workers (Marxist belief)

patriarchal ideology-men dominate women and all the areas of life (feminist belief)

secular ideas-Western society have significant rights of secularisation

consumerism-peoples identities are shaped by the products they choose to buy

increase individualism there is an increased emphasis on individuals wishes and priorities over communal expectations. People only care about themselves (every man out of them self) 

Question 20

Evaluate the idea that digital communication always leads to cultural homogenisations

Answer 20

❌Mohammedi – argues that Western media and cultural domination over the rest of the world is exaggerated and ignores complex interactions that occur between different cultures.

Question 21

Define digital revolution.

Answer 21

the massive and rapid advances in technology which have transformed people’s lives over the past few decades. all new forms of communication are created by computers using internationally recognised programming systems, meaning that it is possible that information can be shared everywhere around the world.

Question 22

Define social network and give two examples.

Answer 22

Definition - Normal networks but online
Examples
- online friendship groups, 
- work networks 
- family networks 
- networks linked to hobbies, interests or religion.

Question 23

Give details on 3 examples of how digital communication has had an impact on social change.

Answer 23

MeToo - Digital communication has helped women who have suffered from sexist abuse / harrassment speak up about these incidents and support and listen to other women on websites. The positive effect of this allows women to uplift each other whilst letting them know they have an additional support system if institutions, like the police, fail them.

Taliban - The Taliban once banned photography, movies and use of the internet on the grounds that they went against Islam. However, the groups radical perspective has altered slightly as members actively use digital communication to communicate with journalists or own internet domains. They even upload videos on Facebook, Twitter and Youtube.

Sutton - Suggests that new forms of communication are becoming increasingly used for ealing with disasters. Social media is often used for collecting information thats hard t obtain. Additionally, document like petitions for BLM & Afghan / Congo’s dicatorships can be shared easier online. It’s a positive change to help fight against urgent disasters that need coverage.

Question 24

Why can some definitions of globalisation be problematic? Give at least 3 reasons.

Answer 24

• Globalisation occurs everywhere at the same place. However, this doesn’t explain why some conturies are less advanced than others ie Congo vs UK.
• Globalisation is supposed to be a positive effect that includes everyone, however, in contrast it can led to some people being excluded if they suffer from poverty.
• Globalisation may lead to cultural homogenisation, which can lead to cultural defence.
• Globalisation is predominatly based on poiltics and economics, and sometimes ignores the social side of it ie skyping / FaceTiming family on the other side of the world.

Question 25

Define and describe ‘big data’. List the 5 features.

Answer 25

Definition: Extremely large data sets that can be analysed digitally to reveal patterns, trends and links relating to human behaviour. This data is collected by companies and other powerful bodies like the government or the FBI.

Velocity: This is data that’s streamed fast and dealt with promptly.

Variety: A wide range of data that is structured, numerical or unstructed etc.

Volume: There’s an issue of deciding what to keep. (Online communications, purchases and social media)

Complexity: Linking, marching and sorting data is not straightforward because it comes from new systems.

Variability: Based on trends and popularity and asepects of data. (daily, seasonal or event)

Question 26

What was the methods and findings of carter’s sociological research on virtual communties (in this case, Cybercity). This is also ur evaluation.

Answer 26

Carter carried out a longitudial study on a virtual city called Cybercity. In June 2004, it had over a million users. She visited the city at least once a day for three years over a predominately Western culture. She carried out participant observation and a few questionnaies as well as offline semi-structured interviews.

✅Carter concluded that for many people, Cybercity is just another lace for people to meet new people with similar interests. People spend as much effort in maintaining relationships on Cybercity as in real life.

She also found that people who meet someone online will often continue these relationships offline
as well by meeting them in real life.

Using