PAPER 3 - Schizophrenia

Question 1

What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?

Answer 1

• hallucinations
• delusions
• catatonic behaviour
• disorganised speech

Question 2

What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS of SZ ?

Answer 2

• affective flattening
• anhedonia
• speech poverty
• avolition

Question 3

Describe HALLUCINATIONS

Answer 3

• hearing voices
• feeling bugs
• smelling things

Question 4

Describe DELUSIONS

Answer 4

• being followed
• paranoid
• hacked phone
• secret messages on tv

Question 5

Describe CATATONIC BEHAVIOUR

Answer 5

• loss in motivation
• unhygienic
• abnormal activity - dress in winter clothes in summer

Question 6

Describe DISORGANISED SPEECH

Answer 6

• abnormal speech
• word salad
• gibberish

Question 7

Describe AFFECTIVE FLATTENING

Answer 7

• reduced range of emotional intensity
• body language / eye contact
• prosody - speech cues (volume / tone)

Question 8

Describe ANHEDONIA

Answer 8

• reduction in pleasure of activities
• persuasive = all-embracing
• social = loss of social activity
• physical = food + body contact

Question 9

Describe SPEECH POVERTY

Answer 9

• not being able to speak fluently

- thoughts are blocked

Question 10

Describe AVOLITION

Answer 10

• disinterest in activities
• stay at home
• isolation

Question 11

What is DIAGNOSTIC RELIABILITY ?

Answer 11

a diagnosis of SZ must be repeatable

Question 12

What is TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY ?

Answer 12

clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time

Question 13

What is INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ?

Answer 13

different clinicians reaching the same conclusion

Question 14

How is inter-rater reliability measured ?

Answer 14

kappa score

Question 15

What is considered perfect inter-rater reliability ?

Answer 15

kappa score of 1

Question 16

What was the kappa score for SZ in the DSM-V ?

Answer 16

0.46 = not reliable

Question 17

How does culture impact the diagnosis of SZ ?

Answer 17

culture has an influence on the diagnostic process

Question 18

Who researched the cultural differences in diagnosis of SZ ?

Answer 18

1. Copeland

2. Luhrman

Question 19

Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences

Answer 19

• 134 US psychiatrists
• 194 UK psychiatrists
• description of patient
• 69% US diagnosed SZ
• 2% UK diagnosed SZ

Question 20

Describe Luhrman’s research into cultural differences

Answer 20

• 60 SZ adults (Ghana, India, US)
• African & Indian = positive experiences w/ voices
• US = no positive experiences
• voices might not be an inevitable feature of SZ

Question 21

What is VALIDITY ?

Answer 21

are we measuring what we’re claiming to measure ?

Question 22

What is CRITERION VALIDITY ?

Answer 22

is the diagnosis an accurate reflection of the disorder ?

Question 23

When does GENDER BIAS occur in the diagnosis of SZ ?

Answer 23

• when accuracy of diagnosis is dependent on gender of the individual
• clinicians basing judgements on stereotypical beliefs

Question 24

Who studied gender bias ?

Answer 24

1. Broverman

2. Longenecker

Question 25

Describe Broverman's research into gender bias

Answer 25

- US clinicians - equated healthy 'adult' behaviour to healthy 'male' behaviour - tendency for women to be seen as less mentally healthy (androcentric)

Question 26

Describe Longenecker's research into gender bias

Answer 26

- since 1980s men diagnosed with SZ more - more genetically vulnerable OR high functioning of women (Cotton et al) - interpersonal function = bias clinician to under-diagnose - symptoms are masked

Question 27

What is SYMPTOM OVERLAP ?

Answer 27

- symptoms of SZ are found in other disorders | - depression, bipolar disorder

Question 28

Who researched symptom overlap ?

Answer 28

1. Ellason and Ross | 2. Read

Question 29

Describe Ellason and Ross' research into symptom overlap

Answer 29

those with dissociative identity disorder had more SZ symptoms than SZ patients

Question 30

Describe Read's research into symptom overlap

Answer 30

most people diagnosed with SZ have SUFFICIENT SYMPTOMS of other disorders e.g. AVOLITION - DEPRESSION

Question 31

What is CO-MORBIDITY ?

Answer 31

the extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time