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History > Paper 3: Britain: Losing and Gaining an Empire, 1673-1914 > Flashcards

Paper 3: Britain: Losing and Gaining an Empire, 1673-1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Mughal Empire?

A

A member of the Mughal dynasty of the Monogal origin, founded by the successors of Tamerlane, which ruled much of India from the 16th to the 19th century.

The Mughals invaded India across the north-west frontier. The official language was Persian. They balanced on top of social structures without attempting fundamental change if the society they had conquered.

The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century left a power vacuum, which the British filled.

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2
Q

When did the Battle of Plassey take place?

A

1757

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3
Q

What happened at the Battle of Plassey?

A

East India Company forces defeat of the nawab of Bengal and his French allies.

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4
Q

When was the Regulating Act passed?

A

1773

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5
Q

When was the East India Company Act passed?

A

1784

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6
Q

When was the supplementary act passed?

A

1786

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7
Q

When was the charter Act renewed?

A

1813

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8
Q

How did the renewal of the Charter act change the Company?

A

It ended their trading monopolies on everything except tea and trade with China.

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9
Q

When did Governor Bentinck make the practice of Sati illegal?

A

1829

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10
Q

When was the Government of India Act passed?

A

1833

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11
Q

What did the Government of India Act do?

A

ends the Company’s commercial activities completely and reorganises the administrative system of the territories.

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12
Q

Who led the campaign for the suppression of sati?

A

William Sleeman

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13
Q

When was the campaign for the suppression of sati led?

A

1835-39

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14
Q

When was the English Education Act passed?

A

1835

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15
Q

When did the mutiny of Sepoys at Meerut spark widespread mutineering within the Bengali army?

A

9th May 1857

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16
Q

When did the Company forces reach Cawnpore and discover the entire garrison including 200 women and children had been massacred?

A

16th July 1857

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17
Q

How many women and children were massacred in Cawnpore?

A

200

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18
Q

When did the British lay siege to the rebels in Delhi, finally retaking the city?

A

1st July to 21st September 1857

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19
Q

When did the British evacuate Lucknow?

A

27th November 1857

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20
Q

When was Awadh annexed?

A

1856

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21
Q

Who annexed Awadh?

A

Dalhousie

22
Q

Which policy was used to annex Awadh?

A

The Doctrine of Lapse

23
Q

When was the second government of India act passed?

A

1858

24
Q

What did the second Government of India Act do?

A

Ended Company rule in India and passes control of the Company’s territories to the crown.

25
Q

What was the Maratha Empire?

A

A power that dominated a large proportion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century.

26
Q

What is a Nawab?

A

A royal title indicating a sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the western title of King.

27
Q

What is a Nabob?

A

Originally the name for an official under the Mughal regime, the word was used in Britain in the 18th to describe the company employees who made their fortunes in India.

28
Q

What is a sepoy?

A

An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.

29
Q

What is the caste system?

A

A form of social structure characterised by endogamy, occupation and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural motions of purity and pollution.

30
Q

What is the company presidency?

A

The three administrative branches of the East India Company established first as trading posts and growing to control their territorial acquisitions, fanning out from the original factories situated in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

31
Q

What is the privy council?

A

A body of advisors appointed to advise the monarch. In this case, it was the highest court of appeal to which those protesting against the law making sati illegal could appeal.

32
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

The philosophy that the governing principle of rulers should be the effort to secure the greatest happiness for the largest amount of people.

utilitarian thought was the basis for significant social reform in 19th Century Britain, including education, poor law reform, the employment of children and women and the reform of prisons.

The original philosopher of utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham and governor Bentinck wrote regarding his posting in India; ‘I shall govern in his name, but it will be you who will govern in fact.’

33
Q

What does Evangelical mean?

A

In this case, it denotes a member of the new tradition within the protestant churches interested not only in individual salvation but the salvation of others through missionary efforts.

34
Q

What is thagi?

A

An Urdu word for those who practised highway robbery and ritual murder by strangling in the service of the Hindu mother goddess, Kali.

35
Q

how many thagi were transported or hanged for their crimes?

A

1,000

36
Q

How many thagi were punished in total?

A

3,000

37
Q

How many deaths did sati cause every year?

A

600

38
Q

What is sati?

A

The tradition of self-immolation by Hindu widows on the funeral pyres of their husbands.

The tradition reflected the Hindu belief in the sanctity of the marriage bond which meant that remarriage was not an option for widows.

39
Q

In which caste was the practice of sati most common?

A

the custom was most common among higher castes and the caste involved suggests that the motivation was primarily religious belief rather than financial necessity.

40
Q

What was the Bengal Renaissance?

A

An Indian social reform movement which grew out of reinterpreting Indian religious philosophy.

The thinkers who founded the movement were familiar with both Western and Eastern philosophies and created a complex fusion of the two traditions.

41
Q

How many troops were there in India?

A

There were 45,522 European soldiers out of a total of 277,746 soldiers, the rest being sepoys.

42
Q

How did the British impact the caste system?

A

the untouchables and low-caste Indians enjoyed an improvement of their social standing. For example, with wealth and education, they could pass as a member of a higher caste from long ago.

The strict restrictions on social contacts became harder to enforce as members of different castes mingled increasingly. the newly educated and affluent middle class in the cities mixed socially with people based on their financial position and class, not caste.

By the end of the Raj, traditional Indian society began to break down into a westernised class system.

43
Q

what were the attitudes of christian missionaries?

A

They were against the practice of sati, the caste system and were passionate about education and replacing the Caste system - make it a more westernised system.

44
Q

What did the missionaries do to accomplish the education of Indians?

A

They learnt the languages - so that they could translate the bible.
set up schools to preach christianity.

45
Q

What were the consequences of missionaries actions?

A

it added to the growing opposition to the company and was a destabilising factor.

46
Q

What were the attitudes of the East India Company toward the Christian missionaries?

A

Thought that the missionaries would cause unwanted tension.
Didn’t want to interfere with the hierarchy of the country - let the culture of the country stay the same (this is how the Mughal empire survived for so long).

47
Q

What actions did the East India company take toward the Christian Missionaries?

A

They let Wilberforce pass the missionary clause - influenced by the evangelical system back in Britain.

48
Q

What were the attitudes of the Indians toward the Christian Missionaries?

A

There was initially a lot of hostility - due to the embedded system of language, religion and culture.
Missionary activity became a fact of urban life and the distribution fo literature by the missionaries meant that a strong connection was made between Christianity and western education.

49
Q

What actions did the Indians take against the Christian Missionaries?

A

Attempted resistance in Bombay in 1842 which forbade all children and adults from attending missionary schools.

50
Q

What reaction did the Indians have toward the Christian Missionaries?

A

One reaction was to convert to Christianity - a few influential Brahms did so (the most famous being Nilkantha Shastru Goreh in 1848)
The other reaction was the strengthening of Hinduism through reform and revival, which as much more widespread than conversion, among upper castes - led to the Bengal Renaissance.

History (12 decks)

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