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Aqa Gcse Physics > Paper 2 - Topic 5, Forces > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Topic 5, Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What is acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity, can be calculated from the gradient of a velocity-time graph

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2
Q

What is the atmosphere

A

The thin layer of air surrounding the Earth, which gets less dense with increasing altitude

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3
Q

What is the braking distance

A

The distance a vehicle travels under the breaking force

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4
Q

What can affect braking distance

A
  • adverse road
  • weather conditions
  • condition of the vehicle
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5
Q

What is the centre of mass

A

The single point through which the weight of the object can be said to act

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6
Q

What is the changes of momentum

A

When a force acts on a moving object, or one an object that has the ability to move, a change of momentum will occur. The force is equal to the rate of change of momentum

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7
Q

What is the conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum of a system before an event is always equal to the total momentum of the system after the event

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8
Q

What are contact forces

A

A force that occurs when objects are physically touching

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9
Q

What is displacement

A

A measure of how far an object moves in a given direction, it is the straight line between the starting and finishing points and is a vector quantity

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10
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

Non-Permanent deformation which allows the object to return to its original shape when the deforming forces are removed

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11
Q

What is the elastic limit

A

The force beyond which an object will no longer deform elastically and will instead deform plastically

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12
Q

What is elastic potential energy

A

The energy stored in a spring when it is stretched or compressed, due to the work done on the spring by the deforming force

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13
Q

What is equilibrium

A

An object is in equilibrium if the resultant force and resultant moment are both equal to zero

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14
Q

What will cause an object to float

A

If the volume of liquid it displaces has a greater weight than that of the object itself, the upthrust acting on the object is greater than its weight

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15
Q

What are forces

A

A push or pull that an object experiences due to the interaction with another object, force is a vector quantity

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16
Q

What is inertia

A

The tendency of an object to remain to remain in its same state of uniform motion or rest

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17
Q

What is inertial mass

A

A measure of how hard it is to change an objects velocity

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18
Q

What is the limit of proportionality

A

The point beyond which the extension of an elastic object is no longer directly proportional to the force applied

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19
Q

What is a moment

A

The turning effect of a force, equal to the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force

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20
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of an objects mass and velocity

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21
Q

What is Newton’s first law

A

If a stationary moments resultant force is zero, the object will remain stationary, if a moving objects resultant force is zero, the object will continue to move at the same speed and in the same direction

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22
Q

What is Newtons Second law

A

An objects acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied to it, and inversely proportional to its mass

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23
Q

What is Newton’s third law

A

The force that two objects exert on each other when they interact are equal and opposite

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24
Q

What is the resolution of forces

A

All forces can be resolved into tow perpendicular components that have the same effect as the single force

25
Q

What is a resultant force

A

The single force that can replace all the individual forces acting on an object, and have the same effect

26
Q

What is the resultant moment

A

The single moment that has the same effect as the sum of all the other clockwise and anti-clockwise moments acting on an object

27
Q

What are scalar quantities

A

Quantities that only have a magnitude, not a direction

28
Q

What causes an object to sink

A

An object will sink if the volume of liquid it displaces has a lower weight than that of the object itself, the upthrust acting on the object is lower than its weight and so there is a resultant force downwards

29
Q

What is the spring constant

A

A measure of a springs stiffness, which is the constant of proportionality for a springs extension

30
Q

What is the stopping distance

A

The sum of the thinking and braking distance

31
Q

What is the thinking distance

A

The distance a vehicle travels during the drivers reaction time

32
Q

What is upthrust

A

The upward force acting on an object in a fluid, due to it experiencing a greater pressure below it than above

33
Q

What are vector quantities

A

Quantities that have both a magnitude and direction

34
Q

What is velocity

A

A vector quantity that is a measure of the rate of change of displacement

35
Q

What is weight

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity, it is the equal product of the objects mass and the gravitational field strength of its location

36
Q

What is work done

A

Work is done on an object when a force causes it to move through a distance

37
Q

What are examples of scalars

A
  • speed
  • distance
  • time
38
Q

What are examples of vectors

A
  • velocity
  • acceleration
  • force
39
Q

What are some examples of non-contact forces

A

Electrostatic, gravitational attarction

40
Q

What are some examples of contact forces

A

Friction, air resistance

41
Q

What happens to a person mass when they are on two different planets

A
  • it stays the same, the gravitational field strength will be different so there weight will be different on both sides
42
Q

Where is the weight of an object considered to act

A

At the centre of mass

43
Q

What happens when a skydiver falls out the sky

A
  1. Initially, the skydiver has no air resistance and the only force acting on him is weight
  2. As he falls he accelerates, increasing his speed
  3. As air resistance increases, the resultant force from weight decreases
  4. So acceleration decreases, so he is not speeding up as quickly
  5. Eventually they are equal and balanced so there it no resultant force and no acceleration
44
Q

What does work done against frictional forces cause

A

Causes a rise in temperature of the object

45
Q

What is Hookes law

A

The extension of an elastic object such as a spring is driectly proportional to the force applied provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

46
Q

What is an example of moments

A

Bike riding - pressing your foot down on the pedal causes a moment about the pivot, turning the pedal arms

47
Q

What can gears change

A

Speed, force or direction by rotation

48
Q

What happens to a gear ,supplying the force, which is connected to a gear with fewer teeth (smaller)

A
  • second gear will turn faster
  • but with less force
  • in opposite direction to first gear
49
Q

What happens to a gear ,supplying the force, which is connected to a gear with more teeth (bigger)

A
  • turn slower
  • more force
  • in opposite direction
50
Q

Why will an object float

A

If it’s weight is less than the weight of the water it displaces

51
Q

What is the buoyancy force

A

The upwards force that counteracts the weight of the floating object

52
Q

Describe a displacement time graphs

A
  • gradient is a velocity
  • sharper gradient = faster speed
  • negative gradient is returning back to starting point
  • horizontal line means stationary
  • curved line = the velocity is changing (acceleration
53
Q

Describe a velocity time graph

A
  • gradient is acceleration
  • sharper gradient = greater acceleration
  • negative gradient = deceleration
  • horizontal line means constant speed
  • area under line = distance traveled
  • 0 velocity means that is it stationary
54
Q

What happens when braking hard in a car

A

There is a large deceleration so a large force is felt on the passengers

55
Q

What issues can braking hard cause

A
  • the force can cause injury, this can be explained with large deceleration = large change in momentum over a short time, so a large force is exerted on the object (person)
56
Q

How can seatbelts provide safety in a car

A
  • without seatbelts, when braking hard you will keep moving and not decelerate, causing to fly through the windshield
  • strap you in and stretch under large forces
  • stretching increases the distance moved slightly, extending the time taken for passengers to stop
57
Q

How can crumple zones provide safety in a car

A
  • crumple zones ‘soften the blow’ as the car would be metal block without crumple zone
  • absorbs energy to deform and compact
  • increase the time taken for car to stop
  • reduces acceleration and force on passnegers
58
Q

How do airbags provide safety in a car

A
  • head will whip forward during a crash, hitting the steering wheel or whipping back to hit the back of the head (causes serious neck injury)
  • inflate instantaneously upon crashing
  • reduces force on the neck
  • increases time taken for head to stop moving

Aqa Gcse Physics (8 decks)

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