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Aqa Gcse Physics > Paper 1 - Topic 1, Energy > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Topic 1, Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the eight energy stores

A

Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Elastic Potential, Thermal, Chemical, Nuclear, Magnetic and Electrostatic

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2
Q

Name the four ways in which energy can be transferred

A

Heating, Waves, Electric current and mechanically by forces

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3
Q

What is a closed system

A

A system where no energy can be transferred to or from the surroundings - total energy in the system stays the same

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4
Q

What is work done

A

Energy transferred when a force moves an object

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5
Q

What is one joule of work

A

The work done when a force of 1N causes an object to move 1m in the direction of the force

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6
Q

What is a system

A

An object or group of objects

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7
Q

What is a kinetic energy store

A

Energy an object has because it is moving

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8
Q

What is a gravitational potential energy store

A

Energy an object has because of its height above the ground

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9
Q

What is an elastic potential energy store

A

Energy an elastic object has when it is stretched or compressed

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10
Q

What is a thermal (or internal) energy store

A

Energy an object has because of its temperature

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11
Q

What is a chemical energy store

A

Energy that can be transferred by chemical reactions involving foods, fuels and the chemicals in batteries

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12
Q

What is a nuclear energy store

A

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

What is a magnetic energy store

A

Energy a magnetic object has when it is near a magnet or in a magnetic field

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14
Q

What is an electrostatic energy store

A

Energy a charged object has when near another charged object

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15
Q

How is energy transferred through heating

A

Energy is transferred from one object to another object with a lower temperature

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16
Q

How is energy transferred through waves

A

Waves (eg light and sound) can transfer energy by radiation

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17
Q

How is energy transferred through electricity

A

When an electric current flows it can transfer energy

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18
Q

How is energy transferred through forces (mechanical work)

A

Energy is transferred when a force moves or changes the shape of an object

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19
Q

What is dissipated energy

A

Wasted energy, it is transferred to less useful stores

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20
Q

What is a way of reducing unwanted energy transfer due to friction

A

Lubrication

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21
Q

What is a way of reducing unwanted energy transfer due to air resistance or drag in water

A

Streamlining

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22
Q

What is effiency

A

A measure of how much energy is transferred usefully

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23
Q

What is the thermal conductivity of a material

A

how quickly energy is transmitted through thermal conduction

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24
Q

What are some factors that affect the rate of heat loss from a building

A

The thickness of its walls and roofs and the thermal conductivity of its walls and roof (lower thermal conductivity = lower rate of heat loss)

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25
How can the thermal conductivity of walls and roofs be reduced
Using thermal insulators
26
What is a thermal insulator
A material which has a low thermal conductivity, the rate of energy transfer through an insulator is low
27
What does the energy transfer per second depend on
The materials thermal conductivity The temperature difference between the two sides of the material The thickness of the material
28
What are some examples of thermal insulators
Loft insulation Draught excluder Double glazed windows Cavity wall insulation
29
When a substance is heated or cooled, what does the temperature change depend on
The substances mass The type of material How much energy is transferred to it
30
What is specific heat capacity
The amount of energy needed to heat 1kg of the substance by 1 degrees Celsius
31
What do all objects emit and absorb
Infrared radiation
32
If a material is a good absorber for infrared radiation what else is it
A good emitter
33
If an object has a high temperature what is the infrared radiation like
The object will emit more infrared radiation the higher its temperature is
34
What are the rules for an object at a constant temperature in terms of infrared radiation
- the infrared radiation emitted = infrared radiation absorbed - infrared radiation is emitted across a continuous range of wavelengths
35
What will make an objects temperature increase
If it absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits
36
What is a black body
A theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the radiation that falls on it, a perfect black body would not reflect or transmit any radiation and would also be a perfect emitter of radiation
37
What does the temperature of the Earth depend on
The rate at which visible light and infrared radiation are reflected, absorbed and emitted by the Earths atmosphere and surface
38
How do greenhouse gases increase the Earths temperature
Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the Earth and prevent it escaping into space, then they re-emit the radiation back towards the surface of the Earth increasing its temperature
39
What are some examples of greenhouse gases
Water vapour Methane Carbon dioxide
40
What is the process of infrared radiation in the Earths atmosphere
1. Short wave radiation from the sun 2. Radiation heats the Earth surface 3. Some radiation is emitted back into space 4. Longer wavelength radiation emitted by the earths atmosphere is absorbed by greenhouse gases 5. Greenhouse gases re-emit radiation increasing earths temperature
41
What can you tell about an object that absorbs and emits infrared radiation at the same rate
It has a constant temperature
42
What human activities increase the levels of greenhouse gases released
Deforestation, burning fossil fuels and livestock farming
43
What are non-renewable energy sources
Energy sources that are not replaced as quickly as they are used and will eventually run out eg fossil fuels and nuclear fission
44
What are renewable energy sources
Energy sources that will not run out and can be replaced at the same rate as they are used eg solar wind, wave and geotheraml
45
What are the main uses of fossil fuels
Generating electricity Transport Heating
46
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels
Adv: enough to meet current energy demands, reliable, relatively cheap to extract Dis: will eventually run out, release carbon dioxide when burnt (main causes of climate change), release other polluting gases (eg sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain) and oil spills in ocean kill marine life
47
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission
Uses: generating electricity Adv: no polluting gases o greenhouse gases produced, enough available to meet current demands, reliable, large amount of energy generated from small mass of fuel Dis: produces nuclear waste (dangerous, difficult and expensive to dispose and has to be stored for centuries), nuclear power plants are expensive to build and run and then decommission
48
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy
Uses: generating electricity and heating Adv: can be used in remote places, very cheap to run once installed and no pollution or greenhouse gases produced Dis: supply depends on weather, expensive to buy and install and cannot supply large scale demand
49
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric energy
Uses: generating electricity Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost, reliable and supply can be controlled to meet demand Dis: expensive to build hydroelectric dams, flood a large area behind the dam destroying habitats
50
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy
Uses: generating electricity Adv: predictable supply as always tides, can produce large amounts of energy, no fuel costs, no pollution or greenhouse gases Dis: tidal barranges: change marine habitats + can harm animals, restrict access and can be dangerous for boats and are expensive to build and supply; cannot control supply as depends on time of month
51
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of wave energy
Uses: generating electricity Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost, no pollution or greenhouse gases Dis: floating generators can change marine habitats and harm animals, restrict access and can be dangerous for boats and expensive to build, install and maintain also dependant on weather and cannot supply large scale demand
52
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of wind energy
Uses: generating electricity Adv: low running cost, no fuel costs, no pollution or greenhouse gases Dis: supply depends on weather, larger amounts of land needed to generate enough electricity for large scale demand, can produce noise pollution
53
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy
Uses: generating electricity and heating Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost and no pollution or greenhouse gases produced Dis: expensive to set up, only possible in a few locations around the world
54
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of biofuels
Uses: generating electricity and transport Adv: can be carbon neutral and reliable and supply can be controlled to meet demand Dis: expensive to produce biofuels, growing them requires a lot of land and water that could be used for food production and can lead to deforestation
55
What does a cell or battery provide
Direct current, the current only flows in one direction and is produced by a direct potential difference
56
What does mains electricity provide
An alternating current, the current repeatedly reverses direction and is produced by an alternating potential difference
57
What is the Earth wire
- the green and yellow one - is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live, the potential difference is 0V and only carries a current when there is a fault
58
What is the neutral wire
- the blue wire - completes the circuit and has a potential differnce of 0V
59
Why is plastic used for wire coatings and plug case
Because it is a good electrical insulator
60
What is the live wire
- the brown wire - has a high potential difference
61
What happens if the live wire touches the neutral wire
A very large current flows called a short circuit and the fuse melts and disconnects the live wire from the mains keeping the appliance safe
62
Why is copper used in wires
It’s a good electrical conductor and bends easily
63
What two things does energy transfer to an appliance depend on
Power of appliance and time it is switched on for
64
Why can an insulating material become charged when rubbed with another insulating material
Electrons are transferred from one material to the other
65
What is potential differnce
A measure of how much energy is transferred between two points on a circuit
66
Describe a series circuit
- components are connected in a single loop so if one stop working they all stop working
67
Describe a parallel circuit
A parallel circuit is made up of two or more loops through which current can slow, if one branch stops working, the other branches will not be affected
68
What is an electric field
Region of space around a charged object in which another charged object will experience an electrostatic force
69
Which two factors does current depend on
Resistance in ohms and potential difference in volts
70
What happens to the current if the resistance is increased by the potential difference is the same
Current decreases
71
What is an ohmic conductor
Conductor where current is directly proportional to the voltage so resistance is constant
72
What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as its temp increases
Resistance increase
73
What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temp increases
Resistance decreases
74
What happens to the resistance of a light-dependent resistor when light intensity increases
Resistance decreas3

Aqa Gcse Physics (8 decks)

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