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Aqa Gcse Physics > Paper 1 - Topic 1, Energy > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Topic 1, Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the eight energy stores

A

Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Elastic Potential, Thermal, Chemical, Nuclear, Magnetic and Electrostatic

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2
Q

Name the four ways in which energy can be transferred

A

Heating, Waves, Electric current and mechanically by forces

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3
Q

What is a closed system

A

A system where no energy can be transferred to or from the surroundings - total energy in the system stays the same

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4
Q

What is work done

A

Energy transferred when a force moves an object

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5
Q

What is one joule of work

A

The work done when a force of 1N causes an object to move 1m in the direction of the force

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6
Q

What is a system

A

An object or group of objects

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7
Q

What is a kinetic energy store

A

Energy an object has because it is moving

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8
Q

What is a gravitational potential energy store

A

Energy an object has because of its height above the ground

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9
Q

What is an elastic potential energy store

A

Energy an elastic object has when it is stretched or compressed

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10
Q

What is a thermal (or internal) energy store

A

Energy an object has because of its temperature

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11
Q

What is a chemical energy store

A

Energy that can be transferred by chemical reactions involving foods, fuels and the chemicals in batteries

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12
Q

What is a nuclear energy store

A

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

What is a magnetic energy store

A

Energy a magnetic object has when it is near a magnet or in a magnetic field

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14
Q

What is an electrostatic energy store

A

Energy a charged object has when near another charged object

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15
Q

How is energy transferred through heating

A

Energy is transferred from one object to another object with a lower temperature

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16
Q

How is energy transferred through waves

A

Waves (eg light and sound) can transfer energy by radiation

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17
Q

How is energy transferred through electricity

A

When an electric current flows it can transfer energy

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18
Q

How is energy transferred through forces (mechanical work)

A

Energy is transferred when a force moves or changes the shape of an object

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19
Q

What is dissipated energy

A

Wasted energy, it is transferred to less useful stores

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20
Q

What is a way of reducing unwanted energy transfer due to friction

A

Lubrication

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21
Q

What is a way of reducing unwanted energy transfer due to air resistance or drag in water

A

Streamlining

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22
Q

What is effiency

A

A measure of how much energy is transferred usefully

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23
Q

What is the thermal conductivity of a material

A

how quickly energy is transmitted through thermal conduction

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24
Q

What are some factors that affect the rate of heat loss from a building

A

The thickness of its walls and roofs and the thermal conductivity of its walls and roof (lower thermal conductivity = lower rate of heat loss)

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25
Q

How can the thermal conductivity of walls and roofs be reduced

A

Using thermal insulators

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26
Q

What is a thermal insulator

A

A material which has a low thermal conductivity, the rate of energy transfer through an insulator is low

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27
Q

What does the energy transfer per second depend on

A

The materials thermal conductivity
The temperature difference between the two sides of the material
The thickness of the material

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28
Q

What are some examples of thermal insulators

A

Loft insulation
Draught excluder
Double glazed windows
Cavity wall insulation

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29
Q

When a substance is heated or cooled, what does the temperature change depend on

A

The substances mass
The type of material
How much energy is transferred to it

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30
Q

What is specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to heat 1kg of the substance by 1 degrees Celsius

31
Q

What do all objects emit and absorb

A

Infrared radiation

32
Q

If a material is a good absorber for infrared radiation what else is it

A

A good emitter

33
Q

If an object has a high temperature what is the infrared radiation like

A

The object will emit more infrared radiation the higher its temperature is

34
Q

What are the rules for an object at a constant temperature in terms of infrared radiation

A
  • the infrared radiation emitted = infrared radiation absorbed
  • infrared radiation is emitted across a continuous range of wavelengths
35
Q

What will make an objects temperature increase

A

If it absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits

36
Q

What is a black body

A

A theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the radiation that falls on it, a perfect black body would not reflect or transmit any radiation and would also be a perfect emitter of radiation

37
Q

What does the temperature of the Earth depend on

A

The rate at which visible light and infrared radiation are reflected, absorbed and emitted by the Earths atmosphere and surface

38
Q

How do greenhouse gases increase the Earths temperature

A

Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the Earth and prevent it escaping into space, then they re-emit the radiation back towards the surface of the Earth increasing its temperature

39
Q

What are some examples of greenhouse gases

A

Water vapour
Methane
Carbon dioxide

40
Q

What is the process of infrared radiation in the Earths atmosphere

A
  1. Short wave radiation from the sun
  2. Radiation heats the Earth surface
  3. Some radiation is emitted back into space
  4. Longer wavelength radiation emitted by the earths atmosphere is absorbed by greenhouse gases
  5. Greenhouse gases re-emit radiation increasing earths temperature
41
Q

What can you tell about an object that absorbs and emits infrared radiation at the same rate

A

It has a constant temperature

42
Q

What human activities increase the levels of greenhouse gases released

A

Deforestation, burning fossil fuels and livestock farming

43
Q

What are non-renewable energy sources

A

Energy sources that are not replaced as quickly as they are used and will eventually run out eg fossil fuels and nuclear fission

44
Q

What are renewable energy sources

A

Energy sources that will not run out and can be replaced at the same rate as they are used eg solar wind, wave and geotheraml

45
Q

What are the main uses of fossil fuels

A

Generating electricity
Transport
Heating

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels

A

Adv: enough to meet current energy demands, reliable, relatively cheap to extract
Dis: will eventually run out, release carbon dioxide when burnt (main causes of climate change), release other polluting gases (eg sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain) and oil spills in ocean kill marine life

47
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission

A

Uses: generating electricity
Adv: no polluting gases o greenhouse gases produced, enough available to meet current demands, reliable, large amount of energy generated from small mass of fuel
Dis: produces nuclear waste (dangerous, difficult and expensive to dispose and has to be stored for centuries), nuclear power plants are expensive to build and run and then decommission

48
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

A

Uses: generating electricity and heating
Adv: can be used in remote places, very cheap to run once installed and no pollution or greenhouse gases produced
Dis: supply depends on weather, expensive to buy and install and cannot supply large scale demand

49
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric energy

A

Uses: generating electricity
Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost, reliable and supply can be controlled to meet demand
Dis: expensive to build hydroelectric dams, flood a large area behind the dam destroying habitats

50
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy

A

Uses: generating electricity
Adv: predictable supply as always tides, can produce large amounts of energy, no fuel costs, no pollution or greenhouse gases
Dis: tidal barranges: change marine habitats + can harm animals, restrict access and can be dangerous for boats and are expensive to build and supply; cannot control supply as depends on time of month

51
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of wave energy

A

Uses: generating electricity
Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost, no pollution or greenhouse gases
Dis: floating generators can change marine habitats and harm animals, restrict access and can be dangerous for boats and expensive to build, install and maintain also dependant on weather and cannot supply large scale demand

52
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of wind energy

A

Uses: generating electricity
Adv: low running cost, no fuel costs, no pollution or greenhouse gases
Dis: supply depends on weather, larger amounts of land needed to generate enough electricity for large scale demand, can produce noise pollution

53
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy

A

Uses: generating electricity and heating
Adv: low running cost, no fuel cost and no pollution or greenhouse gases produced
Dis: expensive to set up, only possible in a few locations around the world

54
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of biofuels

A

Uses: generating electricity and transport
Adv: can be carbon neutral and reliable and supply can be controlled to meet demand
Dis: expensive to produce biofuels, growing them requires a lot of land and water that could be used for food production and can lead to deforestation

55
Q

What does a cell or battery provide

A

Direct current, the current only flows in one direction and is produced by a direct potential difference

56
Q

What does mains electricity provide

A

An alternating current, the current repeatedly reverses direction and is produced by an alternating potential difference

57
Q

What is the Earth wire

A
  • the green and yellow one
  • is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live, the potential difference is 0V and only carries a current when there is a fault
58
Q

What is the neutral wire

A
  • the blue wire
  • completes the circuit and has a potential differnce of 0V
59
Q

Why is plastic used for wire coatings and plug case

A

Because it is a good electrical insulator

60
Q

What is the live wire

A
  • the brown wire
  • has a high potential difference
61
Q

What happens if the live wire touches the neutral wire

A

A very large current flows called a short circuit and the fuse melts and disconnects the live wire from the mains keeping the appliance safe

62
Q

Why is copper used in wires

A

It’s a good electrical conductor and bends easily

63
Q

What two things does energy transfer to an appliance depend on

A

Power of appliance and time it is switched on for

64
Q

Why can an insulating material become charged when rubbed with another insulating material

A

Electrons are transferred from one material to the other

65
Q

What is potential differnce

A

A measure of how much energy is transferred between two points on a circuit

66
Q

Describe a series circuit

A
  • components are connected in a single loop so if one stop working they all stop working
67
Q

Describe a parallel circuit

A

A parallel circuit is made up of two or more loops through which current can slow, if one branch stops working, the other branches will not be affected

68
Q

What is an electric field

A

Region of space around a charged object in which another charged object will experience an electrostatic force

69
Q

Which two factors does current depend on

A

Resistance in ohms and potential difference in volts

70
Q

What happens to the current if the resistance is increased by the potential difference is the same

A

Current decreases

71
Q

What is an ohmic conductor

A

Conductor where current is directly proportional to the voltage so resistance is constant

72
Q

What happens to the resistance of a filament lamp as its temp increases

A

Resistance increase

73
Q

What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temp increases

A

Resistance decreases

74
Q

What happens to the resistance of a light-dependent resistor when light intensity increases

A

Resistance decreas3

Aqa Gcse Physics (8 decks)

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