paper 2 staff

Question 1

What can you do with sampling results in biodiversity?

Answer 1

The results of the sample can be used to make generalisations of characteristics and distributions of a population.

Question 2

What is abundance?

Answer 2

Abundance is the total number of species in an area

Question 3

Describe systematic sampling

Answer 3

Systematic sampling involves the use of a belt transect across an area which you wish to measure the species evenness.
Separate into equal distances and measure percentage cover using a quadrant

Question 4

How do you measure total population of an organism in an area?

Answer 4

Multiply the mean value obtained from the quadrant per m2 and multiply by the total area

Question 5

How can you use capture, mark, release and recapture to measure population and calculate species eveness?

Answer 5

Species evenness can be calculated by counting the number of individuals of each species/organism present
Populations of similar sizes suggest a high species evenness

Question 6

Why is measuring vi sensors a more accurate way to measure abiotic factors?

Answer 6

Rapid changes can be detected
Human error reduced
High precision
Data can be stored and tracked on a computer

Question 7

What are some belt transect graphs errors?

Answer 7

Not representative because it is only one sample in one area
Not 100% coverage calculated in all areas suggesting that some species were missed or not counted correctly

Question 8

What does a high biodiversity score indicate on the simpsons index test?

Answer 8

Indicates that there is a high species evenness suggesting that the community is more stable, has more complex food chains, more able to adapt to environmental changes and low amount of abiotic stressors

Question 9

What is gene flow?

Answer 9

When interbreeding between two populations occur, alleles are transferred between them.

Question 10

How do you measure genetic diversty?

Answer 10

Measuring the proportion of polymorphic gene loci which have more than one allele

Number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci

Question 11

How can global warning effect biodiversty?

Answer 11

Melting of polar icecaps can lead to the extinction of animals and plants that live there
Rising sea levels and melting ice caps can flood low lying lands
Higher temperatures would lead to xerophytes becoming more dominant
Insect life cycles and populations would change

Question 12

What is the genetic bottle neck and founder effect?

Answer 12

Genetic bottle effect: When few individuals of a population survive a large change, e.g a natural disaster
Founder effect: When a small group of a population creates a new colony away from the original

Both have reduced gene pools

Question 13

What are keystone species?

Answer 13

Have a main role in maintaining the ecological community and if removed would have a large effect on their environment by affecting both species evenness and richness, therefore if removed the habitat would drastically change

Question 14

What is conservation ?

Answer 14

Preservation and management of the environment and natural resources so the organisms chances of survival are maintained.
In situ takes place inside the original environment, whereas ex situ takes place outside

Question 15

What does the ICUN do and what does CITES do?

Answer 15

ICUN: Publishing a red list which details the conversation status of endangered animals
CITES: Regulates international trade of animals and plants

Question 16

What does the CBD, UNFCCC and UNCCD do

Answer 16

CBD: Countries must develop ways for sustainable development
UNFCCC: Stabilise green house gases
UNCCD: Preventing fertile land turning into desert and reduce drought

Question 17

How do wildlife reverses actively conserve wildlife? What is succession and why do we halt it?

Answer 17

Controlled grazing, restricting human access, controlled poaching, reintroduction of species, killing invasive species, halting succession where early colonising species are replaced overtime also via controlled gazing to preserve habitats for future generations

Question 18

What is the carrying capacity?

Answer 18

The carrying capacity is the maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support and is reached when abiotic and biotic factors prevent population growing.

Question 19

What is the difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition?

Answer 19

Inter: Between members of different species
Intra: Between Members of the same species

Question 20

Evaluate the use of clones for testing treatments for diseases.

Answer 20

Clones are all genetically the same so genetic variation is controlled.

Clones may have unknown health issues that could alter the results.

Question 21

What are important factors to consider in biology evaluation questions?

Answer 21

Correlation does not equal causation
Use supporting units from the graph
Use the theory surrounding the question

Question 22

Why do micro-organisms/bacteria have a faster growth rate and death rate at higher temperatures?

Answer 22

1) Increased temp means more kinetic energy, enzymes work at a higher rate meaning they are closer to the optimum temperature, however..
Increased use of nutrients and oxygen and more production of waste products such as pH and CO2 can not sustain bacterial growth leading to death

Question 23

How does coppicing contribute to the biodiversity ?

Answer 23

Trees are not removed from the ground so the soil quality will remain
Life of tree extended
Fewer trees allows more light for other plants to grow
New stems grow more rapidly than saplings

Question 24

How do we know if test results are significant? Why should we consider this for evaluation?

Answer 24

If a statistical test is conducted on it, allows us to see if the difference is actually due to experimental results