biotech!!!! Flashcards
How do you micro- propagate a plant?
1) Take a sample/cutting from meristematic tissue e.g shoots or tips under sterile conditions to prevent fungi
2) Sterilise sample with bleach or ethanol
3) Place in a sterile culture medium with plant hormones such as auxin and cytokines and this promotes mitosis to produce a mass of identical cells called a CALLUS
4) Divide into clumps, place in new sterile culture medium with hormones and nutrients
5) Place plantlets into compost
What are some ways invertebrate animals clone themselves?
Regeneration of animals from a fragment which are clones of the original
Hydra produce small buds on the side of their body that develop into identical clones
How does monozygotic twin cloning occur and why can they look different?
When the early embryo splits into two separate embryos but may look different to the positioning and how much nutrients they get in the uterus.
What is artificial twinning? (How to clone an embryo)
When the early embryo is split manually to mimic the formation of monozygotic twins and may be more than two pieces. Used for good diary, meat etc..
1) Cow with desirable traits are given hormones to super ovulate
2) Ova may be fertilised naturally or via artificial insemination by a bull with good traits or can be taken out and done in a lab
3) When the cells are totipotent, they are split into several smaller embryos
4) Split embryos are grown in labs and then inserted into surrogate mother
Multiple may be introduced as the body may reject and absorb the foetus
Describe somatic nuclear transfer
This is where a nucleus from an adult somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated embryo cell, a shock can fuse the cell to form an embryo that is from the clone of the original adult
1) Nuclei is removed from somatic cell
2) Nucleus is also removed from mature ovum that is enucleated
3) Nucleus from adult cell is placed into the enucleated cell, a mild electric shock causes it to fuse and divide via electrofusion.
4) Embryo is transferred to uterus of surrogate mother
What are the advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning?
Good: High yielding farm animals, genetically modified embryos can be replicated to develop many embryos, enable rare and endangered animals to be produced and clone specific animals such as top class race horses
Bad: Inefficient process as it takes many eggs, cloning animals have shortened life span, relatively unsuccessful in the production of rare animals
What is biotechnology?
The application of biological organisms or enzymes to the synthesis or breakdown or transformation of materials in the service of people.
Why are micro-organisms ideal for biotechnology?
No welfare issues, enormous range, can artificially manipulate microorganisms by GE, very short life cycle and rapid growth rate, simple and cheap nutrient requirements and can be modified to use materials that would usually be wasted, low growing conditions such as low temperature and have self sufficient enzymes
What are the disadvantages of micro-organism use?
Not ideal conditions means that they will not grow or work efficiently
Ideal conditions for microorganism could also lead to growth of other microorganisms that cause disease
Ethical issues
How are microorganisms involved in baking?
Use of yeast, mixed with sugar and water to respire, CO2 makes bread rise
Warm environment to rise
Dough is knocked back (excess O2 removed), kneaded, shaped and left to rise
Cooked in hot oven, Co2 bubbles expand, yeast cells killed
How are micro-organisms involved in brewing?
Yeast will respire anaerobically to produce ethanol, MMFMF
Malt: barley germinates enzymes, enzymes break starch into sugar for yeast cells, enzyme activity produces malt
Mashing: Malt mixed with hot water, enzymes break down starch into wort, hops for flavour and antiseptic properties
Fermentation: wort is inoculated with yeast, temperature maintained for anaerobic respiration, yeast inhibited
Maturation: Beer conditioned for 4-29 days
Finish: Filtered, pasteurised, bottled and canned with cO2
How is cheese made?
Bacteria will feed on lactose milk
1) Milk is pasteurised to kill bacteria and homogenised to distribute fat droplets
2) Mixed with bacterial cultures, separates into solid curds and whey
3) Cottage cheese: Curds separated from whey, packed and sold
4) Curds are cut and cooked in whey, then strained,
Put into steel and wooden drums and pressed then left to dry and mature and ripen as bacteria may still be active
How is yoghurt made?
Bacteria produce extracellular polymers
1) Skimmed milk powder to milk, then pasteurised and homogenised
2) Mixed in a 1:1 ratio with bacteria and incubated
3) Mixed and ferment in pot if thick and then shelf life.
Advantages and disadvantages of using microorganisms to grow food?
Good: Reproduce fast and produce protein faster than animal and plants, high protein content but low fat, can be GM, not dependent on weather and other cycles, no welfare, can taste like anythings
BAD: Can produce toxin at wrong conditions, micro stuff must be seperated, sterile conditions, ethical concerns, purified for contaminations, dislike the thought of eating dem nasty ass stuff brah
How is penicillin produced?
From penicillium chrysogenum which needs a high O2 amount and a rich nutrient medium , sensitive to pH and temperature.
Fungus will grow, penicillin produced, drug is extracted and purified
Uses small fermenters as hard to mantain O2 levels in large bioreactors Continuously stirred for O2 Rich nutrient medium buffer to main pH at 6.5 25*-27*c
