content Flashcards
What are the two ways bacteria can be classified?
Bacteria can be classified by shape, e.g rod, spherical, comma and corkscrew
Or they can be classified by differences in gram staining.
Gram positive: Purple-blue colour
Gram negative: Red colour
Are viruses living and what is their general structure?
What are viruses that attack bacteria called?
Viruses are non-living and have the basic structure of genetic material surrounded by proteins,
Bacteriopages attack bacteria
What are some of the ways that pathogens damage tissue cells directly?
Bacteria: Produce and release toxins to poison or damage host cells by breaking down the cell membrane or inactivating enzymes to prevent division
Viruses: Take over cell metabolism by inserting their genetic material into host DNA, producing new viruses that burst out the cell
Protocista: Break open cells and digest cell contents
Fungi: Digest living cells and can also produce toxins
What are the plant diseases, ring rot, TMV, potato blight and black Sigatoka caused by? Mention some characteristics of the diseases.
Ring rot: A bacterial disease that damages leaves and tubers and is consistent of gram positive bacteria
TMV: Is a virus that damages the leaves and stunts plant growth
Potato blight and black Sigatoka: Fungal diseases that penetrate host cells and destroy leaves, fungicide can control and reduce effects
What is TB and bacterial meningitis?
TB is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis which destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system. Curable/preventable by antibiotics, proving living standard conditions and vaccinations.
Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial disease caused by infection of the meninges of the brain which is the protective membrane,
What is HIV and the flu?
HIV and the flu are both viral diseases.
HIV/AIDS: A virus which targets the T-helper cells and gradually destroys the immune system. Contain reverse transcripterase that transcribes RNA into a single strand of DNA that interacts with the DNA of the host
Flu: Infects the ciliated epithelial cell allowing the airways to be susceptible to infection. Mutate regularly and can be identified by proteins on their surfaces
What are some ways humans can directly and indirectly transfer diseases?
How could this be increased?
Indirect: Fomites, droplets and vectors
Direct: Inoculation, digestion, direct contact
Overcrowding, poor nutrition, compromised immune system, poor disposal of waste, climate change, cultural and socioeconomic factors can increase the rate of transmission
How can plants indirectly and directly transfer disease and how can this be increased?
Indirectly: Contamination of soil, vectors such as the wind and water which carry pathogenic spores.
Direct: Touching any part of a diseased plant
Can be increased by overcrowding, poor mineral nutrients, damp conditions, and climate change
How is blood clotting mediated?
Blood clots will rapidly seal open wounds, platelets will adhere and secrete thromboplastin and serotonin which cause vessels to constrict and prevent blood flow to that area.
Epidermal cells regrow and seal the wound.
How is blood clotting mediated?
Blood clots will rapidly seal open wounds, platelets will adhere and secrete thromboplastin and serotonin which cause vessels to constrict and prevent blood flow to that area.
Epidermal cells regrow and seal the wound.
How is blood clotting mediated?
Blood clots will rapidly seal open wounds, platelets will adhere and secrete thromboplastin and serotonin which cause vessels to constrict and prevent blood flow to that area.
Epidermal cells regrow and seal the wound.
How is blood clotting mediated?
Blood clots will rapidly seal open wounds, platelets will adhere and secrete thromboplastin and serotonin which cause vessels to constrict and prevent blood flow to that area.
Epidermal cells regrow and seal the wound.
What is inflammation consistent of?
Mast cells are activated in damaged tissues which will release histamines and cytokines
Histamines: Make blood vessels dilate to increase temperature and vessels become more leaky
Cytokines: Attract phagocytes and stimulate the hypothalamus to increase temperatures to prevent reproduction of pathogen and increase immune system activity
How do phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens?
Recognise a non-self pathogen, phagocyte will enclose it in a vesicle called a phagosome and then combines with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome which will digest the pathogen and can release cytokines
How do macrophages act as APC?
Combine with antigen from a pathogen and special glycoproteins to form a major histocompatibility complex, moves to the surface membrane to become an antigen presenting cell that can stimulate other cells
