Paper 2 - Sports Psychology Flashcards
What is a motor skill?
A coordinated pattern of movements acquired through practice towards an intended outcome
What is a skilful movement?
One in which a predetermined objective is accompanied with maximum efficiency with a minimum outlay of energy
Ability
Natural
Skills
Learnt
What are the characteristics of Skilful movement?
- Efficiency
- Pre-determined
- Coordinated
- Fluent
- Aesthetic
What does being efficient mean, in terms of skilful movements
Means the performer can complete the skill with no wasted energy
Give a sporting example of being efficient
In terms of a skilful movement
A good swimming technique
—> helps you to swim faster + for longer
What does being pre-determined mean, in terms of skilful movements
Means the performer will practice/preform the skill with an aim in mind
Give a sporting example of being pre-determined
In terms of a skilful movement
Gymnast will know her routine before she starts
What does being co-ordinated mean, in terms of skilful movements
Performer uses 2 or more parts of the body together to get the maximum effort
Give a sporting example of being co-ordinated
In terms of a skilful movement
A footballer jumping to strike the ball on the volley
What does being **fluent* mean, in terms of skilful movements
A skilled athlete is able to flow confidently from one skilled movement to another
Give a sporting example of being fluent
In terms of a skilful movement
A rugby player picking up the ball in one fluid movement
What does being **aesthetic* mean, in terms of skilful movements
The performer makes the skill look good
Give a sporting example of being aesthetic
In terms of a skilful movement
Dancer preforming a pirouette in a routine
What ways can skills be classified as?
- Open
- Closed
- Simple
- Complex
What is the environmental continuum?
Skills can be classifies on how much they are affected by the sporting environment
What is an open skill?
- Skills affected by the environment
- A performer has to react and adapt to external factors
Give an example of an open skill
A pass in football
What is an closed skill?
- Skills that are not affected by the environment
- Always preformed in the same predictable environment - not affected by external factors
Give an example of a closed skill
A golf swing
What is the difficulty continuum?
Skills can be classified on how difficult or complex the movement is
What is a simple skill?
Straightforward, basic skills with hardly any decisions
How do simple skills need to be taught?
Can be taught as a whole skill by repeating the skill
What is a complex skill?
The skill involves many decisions or judgements to make
How do copmplex skills need to be taught?
Must be learned in stages
What is goal setting?
Setting targets that you want to reach
Give some reasons on why you would want to set goals
In terms of training
- Setting goals helps you stick to your training programme
- Helps training by giving you something to aim for, motivates you to work hard + keeps you enthusiastic
- Helps to improve performance
What does SMART stand for
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Recorded
Timed
What does it mean by specific?
- Goals must be clear & focused
- The goal should be directly related to the skill
What does it mean by measurable?
- Goals must be measured so that the athlete can see if they have achieved the goal or not
- Should also be assessed to see how well the performer has done
What does it mean by achievable?
- Goal should be challenging but still within the performers capacity
- Unrealistically hard or easy goals can demotivate the player
What does it mean by recorded?
- Goals should be wrote down before the athlete begins working towards them
- They should write down any progress towards them each week until they hit their goal/ timeframe of their goal
What does it mean by timed?
- Goals should have a set time in which they should be completed
- All goals should have an end point with shorter goals being set on the way to the larger goal
Name some mental preparation techniques
- Imagery
- Mental rehearsal
- Selective attention
- Positive thinking
What is imagery?
Involves going through the activity in your mind to form a mental image of the skill being preformed
—> Performer will picture themselves executing a skill
What is mental rehearsal?
Imaging the feeling in the muscles when perfectly preforming a skill or mentally rehearsing the skills needed
What is positive thinking?
Telling yourself positive things that will motivate you or reassure you that you can preform well
What is selective attention?
Involves the performer focusing on their concentration on what they are doing or about to do, blocking out all distractions
What are the types of guidance in sport?
- Visual
- Verbal
- Mechanical
- Manual
What is visual guidance?
When the performer sees the skill being preformed or practised
What are some examples of visual guidance?
- Demonstrations
- Images
- Videos
What is the advantages of visual guidance?
- Good method for visual learners
- Good method for complete beginners who may not understand terminology
- Shows the learner what it should look like
What is the disadvantages of visual guidance?
Demonstration must ne accurate or it could be learnt incorrectly
What is verbal guidance?
Given by an observer after watching you preform
—> Feedback needs to be constructive in order to help the performer improve
—> Feedback must be specific w/ accurate terminology
What are some examples of verbal guidance?
- Coaching points relating to technique
- Feedback from the coach
- Peer feedback
What is the advantages of verbal guidance?
- Good way of communicating clear information quickly
- Can be used successfully w/ visual guidance
What is the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
- Needs to be short & simple for beginners & younger athletes
- Too much info can cause boredom or confusion
- Performers must understand basic terminology first
What is manual guidance?
Used when a skill is dangerous or complex
—> Involves coach physically guiding or supporting the athlete
How would you provide manual guidance to a gymnast?
Supporting a gymnast while doing a somersault
What is the advantages of manual guidance?
- Builds confidence
- Reduces risk of injury
- Allows the performer to ‘feel the skill’
What is the disadvantages of manual guidance?
- Learner could become dependant on support
- Proximity of the coach can cause issues for either
What is mechanical guidance?
When a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer learn/practise a potentially dangerous skill
How would you provide mechanical guidance to a trampolinist?
Using a harness to aid them in preforming a somersault for the first time
What is the advantages of mechanical guidance?
- Builds confidence
- Reduces risk of injury
- Allows the performer to ‘feel the skill’
What is the disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
- Learner could become dependant on support
- The feel of the movement can be different to the actual movement
What are the types of feedback in sport?
- Positive
- Negative
- Extrinsic
- Intrinsic
- Knowledge of performance
- Knowledge of results
What is positive feedback?
Usually given to the preformer following a successful outcome
Which type of participants will benefit from positive feedback the most?
New participants - form of encouragement
What is an example of a football coach using positive feedback?
Coach saying well done after scoring a successful goal
What is negative feedback?
Usually given to the preformer following an unsuccessful outcome
Which type of participants will benefit from negative feedback the most?
Elite athletes - will be able to take it as constructive criticism
What is an example of a football coach using negative feedback?
Coach telling player that shot was played w/ too much power
What is Intrinsic feedback?
Feedback is felt by the actual preformer as they carry out the skill or a performance
—> Physical feel of the movement as its been preformed
What is an example of a high diver using intrinsic feedback?
High diver will know how well they did based on how the movement felt
What is Extrinsic feedback?
Feedback is provided by external sources, either during or after a performance
What is an example of a golfer using extrinsic feedback?
Golfer will know how they played based on reactions from the crowd & golfers caddy
Who will usually provide Extrinsic feedback?
- Coaches, teachers, teammates
- Things the preformer can see (e.g. instant video replay)
What is an example of a 100m sprinter using knowledge of performance?
Would use this feedback following a race qualifier
What is knowledge of performance?
Focusses on how well the athlete preformed (including the quality of movement & skills involved)
What is knowledge of results?
Focusses on the result at the end of the performance or the outcome of the movement (includes performers score, time or position @ the end of an event)
What is an example of a 100m sprinter using knowledge of results?
Marathon runner would use this feedback throughout the race
—> To see if they are running at an appropriate pace for them to reach their desired times
