Paper 2 - Socio-cultural influences Flashcards
What are participation rates?
How many people take part in sport or other physical activities
What factors influences the participation in sport
- Media
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Religion
- Disability
- Disposable income
- Family
- Age
How does media influence participation in sport?
- Can inspire people to take part
- Provides role models
How does gender influence participation in sport?
Fewer women play sports than men
Why do fewer women play sports than men?
- Less media coverage for women
—> Fewer role models to inspire younger generation - Gender stereotypes - sports not being ‘feminine’
- Less sponsorship available for women = less money
How does ethnicity & religion influence participation in sport?
- Religious festivals & days affect when you can play sport
- Religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport
- Racism in sport can be a problem
How does religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport?
Many Muslim women keep their bodies covered up - less likely to participate in activities like swimming
How does disability influence participation in sport?
- Limits physical activities you can do
- Opportunities in sport & access to sporting facilities is low
- Less media coverage
What is done nowadays to improve participation rates for the disabled?
- Schemes set up to give more disabled people opportunities to exercise
- Given more media coverage (e.g. Paralympics)
—> Creates more disabled role models
How does disposable income influence participation in sport?
- More sports = more money
- Lots of sports require specialist equipment & clothing = more money
What is disposable income?
The money you have left to spend after paying for essentials
How does work & family commitments influence participation in sport?
- Playing sports require free time
—> Some people may not have the time - Or if you work irregular hours it can be hard to join clubs that meet requirements
How does family influence participation in sport?
- Parents might encourage (or discourage) children to take up sports
- If your parents or siblings play a sport -> familiar w/sport from a young age
—> Means you will have more opportunities to play it
How does age influence participation in sport?
- Less likely to play sport the older you get
- Younger people = more choice for sports
- Competitions may have age restrictions
- Young people have more spare time to play sports
How does pe in schools influence participation in sport?
- PE classes & after school sports are a way for students to try out lots of different sports
- Having a good PE teacher / coach inspires young people
How does pe in schools discourage participation in sport?
- Facilities at school can limit the activities it can offer
- Some students are put off bc they find it awkward / embarrassing
- Some students don’t enjoy the competitive nature of it
How does the environment influence participation in sport?
- Living in different climates will offer different sporting activity opportunities (e.g. Living in mountainous areas can give u skiing opportunities)
- Layout of the cities
- Pollution levels
What are the ways of improving participation rates?
- Promotion
- Provision
- Access
How can participation rates be improved using promotion?
- Through advertising campaigns
- Media coverage of a range of athletes
- Local advertising of clubs & facilities
How can participation rates be improved using provision?
- Providing facilities & well trained staff
- Facilities can provide for a wide range of people (e.g. Elderly & disabled)
- Activities should be offered at a range of times
- PE classes & clubs after school for students
How can participation rates be improved using access?
- Government providing good transport links
- Specialist equipment for the disabled & elderly at facilities
- Facilities being reasonably priced - people can afford to use them
What is commercialisation in sport?
Making a profit from sport
How does the sport benefit from commercialisation?
Increased revenue helps with:
* Increased funding
* Increases participation rates
* Helps sportspeople / sports organisations
How does the media benefit from commercialisation?
High profile sports stories help to attract audiences, listeners and readers
—> So media makes sure that sport keeps a high profile
How does the sponsors benefit from commercialisation?
- Their funding is essential for sport’s growth
- High profile coverage of sport ensures a high profile for their companies and products
What is the golden triangle?
Shows the relationship between sport, the media and sponsorship
What are the negative aspects of sponsorship?
- Sometimes money is only available for the top players & teams
- Women’s sport attracts far less sponsorship than mens
- If something bad happens to the athlete they could lose their sponsorship
- Athletes could get into trouble if they are spotted using another companies products
Give some examples of inappropriate sponsors
- Cigarette / tobacco is banned to sponsor sports
- Alcoholic drinks
- Fast food
What is sportsmanship?
Playing fairly, sticking to the riles and being respectful to your opponents
What are some examples of sportsmanship?
- Kicking the ball out of play when someone is injured (in football)
- Following the etiquette of the activity
What is gamesmanship?
Gaining an advantage by using tactics that seem unfair but aren’t against the rules
What are some examples of gamesmanship?
- Time-wasting
- Distracting opponents
How is gamesmanship punished?
Does not normally result in punishment but if its taken too far referees may get involved
What is deviance?
Behaviour that goes against the moral values or laws of the sport
What are some examples of deviance?
- Using performance - enhancing drugs
- Tripping someone
- Violence
How is deviance punished?
- For serious offences, players may be banned from competing
- For milder offenses, players may be removed from the field of play temporarily or permanently
Why do most forms of deviance occur at higher levels of sport?
Bc there is much more at stake
Give some examples of PEDs
- Stimulants
- Anabolic steroids
- Beta blockers
What are the positive effects of stimulants?
- Increases mental & physical alertness
- Reduces fatigue
What are the negative effects of stimulants?
- Addictive
- Leads to high blood pressure problems
- Liver & heart problems
What are the positive effects of Anabolic steroids?
- Increases bone & muscle mass
- Aids recovery and repair of muscle fibres
What are the negative effects of Anabolic steroids?
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Infertility
- Women may grow facial & body hair
What are the positive effects of Beta blockers?
- Reduces heart rate
- Reduces blood pressure
- Reduces effects of adrenaline
- Relaxing effect
What are the negative effects of Beta blockers?
- Nausea
- Weakness
- Low blood pressure
- Heart failure
Why do some performers use PEDs?
- Improve performance & be more successful at their sport
- Claims to ‘level the playing field’
Why would some players use violence in sport?
- Players may be frustrated with a result or w/ a referees decision
- Player may be overly competitive or emotional
