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gcse ocr physical education > Paper 2 - Socio-cultural influences > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Socio-cultural influences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are participation rates?

A

How many people take part in sport or other physical activities

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2
Q

What factors influences the participation in sport

A
  • Media
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Religion
  • Disability
  • Disposable income
  • Family
  • Age
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3
Q

How does media influence participation in sport?

A
  • Can inspire people to take part
  • Provides role models
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4
Q

How does gender influence participation in sport?

A

Fewer women play sports than men

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5
Q

Why do fewer women play sports than men?

A
  • Less media coverage for women
    —> Fewer role models to inspire younger generation
  • Gender stereotypes - sports not being ‘feminine’
  • Less sponsorship available for women = less money
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6
Q

How does ethnicity & religion influence participation in sport?

A
  • Religious festivals & days affect when you can play sport
  • Religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport
  • Racism in sport can be a problem
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7
Q

How does religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport?

A

Many Muslim women keep their bodies covered up - less likely to participate in activities like swimming

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8
Q

How does disability influence participation in sport?

A
  • Limits physical activities you can do
  • Opportunities in sport & access to sporting facilities is low
  • Less media coverage
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9
Q

What is done nowadays to improve participation rates for the disabled?

A
  • Schemes set up to give more disabled people opportunities to exercise
  • Given more media coverage (e.g. Paralympics)
    —> Creates more disabled role models
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10
Q

How does disposable income influence participation in sport?

A
  • More sports = more money
  • Lots of sports require specialist equipment & clothing = more money
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11
Q

What is disposable income?

A

The money you have left to spend after paying for essentials

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12
Q

How does work & family commitments influence participation in sport?

A
  • Playing sports require free time
    —> Some people may not have the time
  • Or if you work irregular hours it can be hard to join clubs that meet requirements
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13
Q

How does family influence participation in sport?

A
  • Parents might encourage (or discourage) children to take up sports
  • If your parents or siblings play a sport -> familiar w/sport from a young age
    —> Means you will have more opportunities to play it
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14
Q

How does age influence participation in sport?

A
  • Less likely to play sport the older you get
  • Younger people = more choice for sports
  • Competitions may have age restrictions
  • Young people have more spare time to play sports
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15
Q

How does pe in schools influence participation in sport?

A
  • PE classes & after school sports are a way for students to try out lots of different sports
  • Having a good PE teacher / coach inspires young people
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16
Q

How does pe in schools discourage participation in sport?

A
  • Facilities at school can limit the activities it can offer
  • Some students are put off bc they find it awkward / embarrassing
  • Some students don’t enjoy the competitive nature of it
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17
Q

How does the environment influence participation in sport?

A
  • Living in different climates will offer different sporting activity opportunities (e.g. Living in mountainous areas can give u skiing opportunities)
  • Layout of the cities
  • Pollution levels
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18
Q

What are the ways of improving participation rates?

A
  • Promotion
  • Provision
  • Access
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19
Q

How can participation rates be improved using promotion?

A
  • Through advertising campaigns
  • Media coverage of a range of athletes
  • Local advertising of clubs & facilities
20
Q

How can participation rates be improved using provision?

A
  • Providing facilities & well trained staff
  • Facilities can provide for a wide range of people (e.g. Elderly & disabled)
  • Activities should be offered at a range of times
  • PE classes & clubs after school for students
21
Q

How can participation rates be improved using access?

A
  • Government providing good transport links
  • Specialist equipment for the disabled & elderly at facilities
  • Facilities being reasonably priced - people can afford to use them
22
Q

What is commercialisation in sport?

A

Making a profit from sport

23
Q

How does the sport benefit from commercialisation?

A

Increased revenue helps with:
* Increased funding
* Increases participation rates
* Helps sportspeople / sports organisations

24
Q

How does the media benefit from commercialisation?

A

High profile sports stories help to attract audiences, listeners and readers
—> So media makes sure that sport keeps a high profile

25
Q

How does the sponsors benefit from commercialisation?

A
  • Their funding is essential for sport’s growth
  • High profile coverage of sport ensures a high profile for their companies and products
26
Q

What is the golden triangle?

A

Shows the relationship between sport, the media and sponsorship

27
Q

What are the negative aspects of sponsorship?

A
  • Sometimes money is only available for the top players & teams
  • Women’s sport attracts far less sponsorship than mens
  • If something bad happens to the athlete they could lose their sponsorship
  • Athletes could get into trouble if they are spotted using another companies products
28
Q

Give some examples of inappropriate sponsors

A
  • Cigarette / tobacco is banned to sponsor sports
  • Alcoholic drinks
  • Fast food
29
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

Playing fairly, sticking to the riles and being respectful to your opponents

30
Q

What are some examples of sportsmanship?

A
  • Kicking the ball out of play when someone is injured (in football)
  • Following the etiquette of the activity
31
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

Gaining an advantage by using tactics that seem unfair but aren’t against the rules

32
Q

What are some examples of gamesmanship?

A
  • Time-wasting
  • Distracting opponents
33
Q

How is gamesmanship punished?

A

Does not normally result in punishment but if its taken too far referees may get involved

34
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that goes against the moral values or laws of the sport

35
Q

What are some examples of deviance?

A
  • Using performance - enhancing drugs
  • Tripping someone
  • Violence
36
Q

How is deviance punished?

A
  • For serious offences, players may be banned from competing
  • For milder offenses, players may be removed from the field of play temporarily or permanently
37
Q

Why do most forms of deviance occur at higher levels of sport?

A

Bc there is much more at stake

38
Q

Give some examples of PEDs

A
  • Stimulants
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Beta blockers
39
Q

What are the positive effects of stimulants?

A
  • Increases mental & physical alertness
  • Reduces fatigue
40
Q

What are the negative effects of stimulants?

A
  • Addictive
  • Leads to high blood pressure problems
  • Liver & heart problems
41
Q

What are the positive effects of Anabolic steroids?

A
  • Increases bone & muscle mass
  • Aids recovery and repair of muscle fibres
42
Q

What are the negative effects of Anabolic steroids?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart disease
  • Infertility
  • Women may grow facial & body hair
43
Q

What are the positive effects of Beta blockers?

A
  • Reduces heart rate
  • Reduces blood pressure
  • Reduces effects of adrenaline
  • Relaxing effect
44
Q

What are the negative effects of Beta blockers?

A
  • Nausea
  • Weakness
  • Low blood pressure
  • Heart failure
45
Q

Why do some performers use PEDs?

A
  • Improve performance & be more successful at their sport
  • Claims to ‘level the playing field’
46
Q

Why would some players use violence in sport?

A
  • Players may be frustrated with a result or w/ a referees decision
  • Player may be overly competitive or emotional

gcse ocr physical education (6 decks)

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