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GCSE OCR PE > Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology (part 1) > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology (part 1) Flashcards

- The Skeletal System - The Muscular System - Lever Systems - Plane & Axes of Movement

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1
Q

How many bones are there in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What bone is this?

A

Cranium

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3
Q

Name one function of the Cranium:

A

To protect the brain

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4
Q

What bone is this?

A

Vertebrae

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5
Q

Name one function of the Vertebrae:

A

To protect the spinal cord

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6
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ribs

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7
Q

What bone is this?

A

Sternum

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8
Q

Name one function of the Sternum & Ribs:

A

To protect the heart & lungs.

Ribs also protect the kidneys

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9
Q

What bone is this?

A

Clavicle

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10
Q

Name one function of the Clavicle:

A
  • Forms part of the shoulder joint to assist arm movement
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11
Q

What bone is this?

A

Scapula

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12
Q

Name some functions of the Scapula:

A
  • Protects the shoulder joint
  • Allows arm & shoulder movement
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13
Q

What bone is this?

A

Pelvis

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14
Q

Name some functions of the Pelvis:

A
  • Protects the reproductive organs & bladder
  • Helps leg movement
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15
Q

What 3 bones make up the human arm?

A
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Humerus
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16
Q

What bone is this?

A

Humerus

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17
Q

Give a practical example of when the humerus will be used:

A

Swinging a badminton racket

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18
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ulna

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19
Q

What bone is this?

A

Radius

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20
Q

What bone is this?

A

Carpals

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21
Q

Give a practical example of when the Radius & Ulna will be used:

A

Bending the elbow
e.g. Bicep curls

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22
Q

Give a practical example of when the Carpals will be used:

A

Gripping
(e.g. A cricket ball)

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23
Q

What bone is this?

A

Metacarpals

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24
Q

What bone is this?

A

Phalanges

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25
Q

What bone is this?

A

Femur

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26
Q

Give a practical example of when the Femur will be used:

A

Muscles move the whole leg
e.g. Running

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27
Q

What bone is this?

A

Patella

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28
Q

What bone is this?

A

Fibula

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29
Q

What bone is this?

A

Tibia

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30
Q

Give a practical example of when the Fibula & Tibia are used:

A

Muscles move lower leg
e.g. Kicking a football

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31
Q

What bone is this?

A

Tarsals

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32
Q

Give a practical example of when the Tarsals are used:

A

Bears the body’s weight when on foot
e.g. standing or doing yoga

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33
Q

What bone is this?

A

Metatarsals

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34
Q

Give a practical example of when the Metatarsals are used:

A

Moves the foot
e.g. Jumping

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35
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A
  • Support
  • Posture
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Blood cell production
  • Mineral Storage
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36
Q

Explain how the skeleton gives us support?

A
  • Rigid bone frame
  • Supports soft tissues like skin and muscle
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37
Q

Explain how the skeleton gives us posture?

A

Gives our body the correct shape.
—> This helps us have a good posture (important in lots of sports)

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38
Q

Explain how the skeleton gives us protection?

A

Bones protect vital organs (e.g. Heart, Brain, Lungs)
—> Allows you to preform well in sport without fear of serious injury

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39
Q

Explain how the skeleton gives us movement?

A

Muscles, attached to bones by tendons, can move bones at joints (essential for good performance)
—> Different types of movement at the various joints which are important in different sports

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40
Q

Explain the blood cell reproduction function of the skeleton?

A
  • Bones contain bone marrow (which makes components of blood)
  • Red blood cells = important during exercise. Transports o2 to working muscles
  • Athletes w/ more red blood cells = preforms better (more o2 to muscles)
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41
Q

Explain the mineral storage function of the skeleton?

A

Bones store minerals (e.g. Calcium, Phosphorus)
—> Help with bone strength (less likely to break a bone)

  • Also needed for muscle contraction
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42
Q

What is a Joint?

A

Any points where 2 or more bones meet

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43
Q

What are Articulating bones?

A

Bones that meet at a joint

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44
Q

What is a Synovial Joint?

A

A joint that allows a wide range of movements and that has joint capsules enclosing it

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45
Q

What are some examples of Synovial joints?

A
  • Ball & Socket
  • Hinge
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46
Q

What is a Hinge joint?

A

A joint that allows movement in only one direction

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47
Q

Give an example of a Hinge joint:

A
  • Elbow (humerus + radius + ulna)
  • Knee (femur + tibia)
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48
Q

What is a Ball & Socket joint?

A

A joint that allows movement in nearly all directions

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49
Q

Give an example of a Ball & Socket joint:

A
  • Hip (pelvis + femur)
  • Shoulder ( humerus + scapula)
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50
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue in the body?

A
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage
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51
Q

What’s the purpose of Ligaments?

A

HOLDS BONES TOGETHER

  • Restricts how much joints can move
  • Maintains stability of skeleton
  • Absorbs shock
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52
Q

What do Ligaments prevent?

A

Dislocation

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53
Q

What are Ligaments made of?

A

Tough & Fibrous tissue

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54
Q

What is the purpose of Tendons?

A

ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE

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55
Q

What do Tendons allow us to do?

A

Allows bones to move when muscles contract

Allowing us to move

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56
Q

What’s the purpose of Cartilage?

A
  • Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
  • Aids stability of joint
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57
Q

What’s the purpose of Cartilage?

A
  • Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
  • Aids stability of joint
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58
Q

What’s the purpose of Cartilage?

A
  • Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
  • Aids stability of joint
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59
Q

What’s the structure of a synovial joint?

A
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60
Q

What’s the purpose of the synovial membrane?

A

It releases synovial fluid into the joint capsule to lubricate the joint (allowing it to move more easily)

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61
Q

What are the 6 types of joint movement?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
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62
Q

What is Flexion?

A
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63
Q

What is Extension?

A
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64
Q

What is Abduction?

A
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65
Q

What is Adduction?

A
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66
Q

What is Circumduction?

A
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67
Q

What is Rotation?

A
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68
Q

What movements do Hinge joints only allow?

A

Flexion & Extension

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69
Q

What movements do Hinge joints only allow?

A

Flexion & Extension

70
Q

What movements do Ball & Socket joints only allow?

A

All of them

71
Q

What’s a practical example of using Flexion & Extension?

A

Flexion - Preparing your knee for a kick in football

Extension - Straightening your knee while kicking the football

72
Q

What’s a practical example of using Ext?

A
73
Q

What’s a practical example of using Abduction & Adduction?

A

Abduction - Outwards movement of a star jump

Adduction - Inwards movement of a star jump

74
Q

What is a practical example of using Circumduction?

A

Bowling a cricket ball overarm

75
Q

What is a practical example of using Rotation?

A

A turnout in ballet

76
Q

Muscles are needed to move…

A

Bones

77
Q

During exercise, what do muscles need to move the body?

A

Oxygen

78
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Pectorals

79
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Deltoids

80
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Trapezius

81
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Biceps

82
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Triceps

83
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Abdominals

84
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

85
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Gluteals

86
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Hamstrings

87
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Quadriceps

88
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Gastrocnemius

89
Q

What is the main function of the Pectorals?

A

Horizontal Flexion & Adduction @ the shoulder

90
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Pectorals:

A

A forehand drive in tennis

91
Q

What is the main function of the Deltoids?

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction or Circumduction at the shoulder

92
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Deltoids:

A

A front crawl in swimming

93
Q

What is the main function of the Trapezius?

A

Extension at the neck

Tilting the head back

94
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Trapezius:

A

Preparing to head a football

95
Q

What is the main function of the Abdominals?

A

Flexion at the waist

96
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Abdominals:

A

During a sit up

97
Q

What is the main function of the Triceps?

A

Extension @ the elbow

98
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Triceps:

A

During a jump shot in netball

99
Q

What is the main function of the Biceps?

A

Flexion @ the elbow

100
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Biceps:

A

Curling weights

101
Q

What is the main function of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Extension, Adduction or rotation @ the shoulder

102
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Latissimus Dorsi:

A

Butterfly stroke in swimming

103
Q

What is the main function of the Hamstrings?

A

Flexion at the knee

104
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Hamstrings:

A

Preparing to kick a football

105
Q

What is the main function of the Quadriceps?

A

Extension @ the knee

106
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Quadriceps:

A

Executing a football kick

107
Q

What is the main function of the Gastrocnemius?

A

Pointing the foot downwards

108
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Gastrocnemius:

A

When standing on toes on pointe in ballet

109
Q

What is the main function of the Gluteals?

A

Extension, rotation or Abduction of the leg @ the hip

110
Q

Give a practical example of when someone would use the Gluteals:

A

Starting off a 100m sprint

111
Q

What can muscles only do?

A

Pull

112
Q

What is Antagonistic muscles?

A

A pair of muscles that work against each other

113
Q

Describe the movement of muscles in an Antagonistic pair:

A

One contracts while the other relaxes

114
Q

What is the Agonist?

A

The muscle that is contracting/ shortening

115
Q

What is the Agonist also known as?

A

The prime mover

116
Q

What is the Antagonist?

A

The muscle that is relaxing/ lengthening

117
Q

What is a Fixator?

A

Other muscles that assist antagonistic pairs by stabilising/supporting the joint

118
Q

Give some examples of which muscles act as fixators towards other ones:

A

When the biceps are flexing the elbow joint, the deltoid & trapezius act as fixators

119
Q

Name some antagonistic muscle pairs:

A
  • Elbow - Biceps & Triceps
  • Knee - Hamstrings & Quadriceps
  • Shoulder movements (Add & Abd) - Latissimus dorsi & Deltoid
120
Q

What is a lever?

A

A rigid bar that moves about a fixed point when force is applied

121
Q

What are the different components of a lever system?

A
  • Lever arm
  • Fulcrum
  • Effort
  • Load/resistence
122
Q

What is the lever arm?

A

The bone/ body part being moved about a point

123
Q

What symbol is the lever arm represented as?

A

Straight line

124
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

The joint where the lever arm pivots

125
Q

What symbol is the fulcrum represented as?

A

Triangle

126
Q

What is the effort?

A

The force applied by the muscles to the lever arm

127
Q

What symbol is the effort represented as?

A

Arrow pointing down

128
Q

What is the load?

A

Against the pull of the muscle

129
Q

What symbol is the load represented as?

A

Square or arrow

130
Q

What are the types of lever systems?

A
  • 1st class
  • 2nd class
  • 3rd class
131
Q

What type of lever is this?

A

1st class

132
Q

Place where the load, effort and fulcrum will be in a 1st class lever

A
133
Q

Give an example of a sporting example of a 1st class lever

A

Header in football

134
Q

What type of lever is this?

A

2nd class

135
Q

Place where the load, effort and fulcrum will be in a 2nd class lever

A
136
Q

Give an example of a sporting example of a 2nd class lever

A

Pirouette in ballet

137
Q

What type of lever is this?

A
138
Q

Place where the load, effort and fulcrum will be in a 3rd class lever

A
139
Q

Give an example of a sporting example of a 3rd class lever

A

Bicep curl

140
Q

What is a mechanical advantage?

A

When a lever can move a large load with a small amount of effort from the muscles

141
Q

What is the equation for mechanical advantage?

A

Effort arm / weight (resistance) arm

142
Q

Which lever system NEVER provides mechanical advantage?

A

Third class

143
Q

What is the effort arm?

A

The distance between the fulcrum and the effort

144
Q

What is the weight arm?

A

The distance between the fulcrum and the load

145
Q

If a lever is providing a mechanical advantage what is the relationship with the distance of the effort & weight arm?

A

The effort arm is LONGER than the weight arm

146
Q

Which lever system MAY provide mechanical advantage?

A

First class

147
Q

Why can First class lever sometimes provide a mechanical advantage?

A

Depends whether the fulcrum is nearer to the effort or to the load

148
Q

Which lever system ALWAYS provides mechanical advantage?

A

Second class

149
Q

Why does a second class lever always provide a mechanical advantage?

A

The effort arm is always longer than the weight arm

150
Q

What is a plane of movement?

A

An imaginary flat surface which runs through the body

151
Q

What are planes used to describe?

A

The direction of movement

152
Q

What are the types of planes?

A
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
153
Q

What plane of movement is this?

A

Sagittal

154
Q

What plane of movement is this?

A

Transverse

155
Q

What plane of movement is this?

A

Frontal

156
Q

What is an axis of rotation?

A

An imaginary line which runs through the body

157
Q

What are the types of axis?

A
  • Frontal
  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
158
Q

What axis of rotation is this?

A

Transverse

159
Q

Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the transverse axis

A

A somersault

160
Q

What axis of rotation is this?

A

Frontal

161
Q

Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the Frontal axis

A

A cartwheel

162
Q

What axis of rotation is this?

A

Longitudinal

163
Q

Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the Frontal axis

A

Pirouette in ballet

164
Q

What plane of movement and axis of rotation does a forward roll take place in?

A
  • Plane – sagittal
  • Axis – transverse
165
Q

What types of movements happen in a sagittal plane?

A

Flexion & extension

166
Q

What types of movements happen in a frontal plane?

A

Abduction & Adduction

167
Q

What types of movements happen in a Transverse plane?

A

Rotation

168
Q

What axis will a movement be on if it’s occurring in the Transverse plane?

A

Longitudinal

169
Q

What axis will a movement be on if it’s occurring in the Frontal plane?

A

Frontal

170
Q

What axis will a movement be on if it’s occurring in the Sagittal plane?

A

Transverse

GCSE OCR PE (6 decks)

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