Paper 1 - Anatomy and Physiology (part 2) Flashcards
Where is the Aorta in the heart?
Where is the Pulmonary Vein in the heart?
Where is the Pulmonary Artery in the heart?
Where is the Vena Cava in the heart?
Where is the Left Atrium in the heart?
Where is the Left Ventricle in the heart?
Where is the Right Atrium in the heart?
Where is the Right Ventricle in the heart?
Where is the Tricuspid Valve in the heart?
Where is the Bicuspid Valve in the heart?
Where is the Semi-lunar Valve in the heart?
What’s the 2 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Transport of substances
- Temperature control
Explain how the Cardiovascular system Transports substances?
In the bloodstream e.g. Co2, O2 & nutrients (like glucose).
This gives the muscles what they need to release energy to move during exercise(& takes away any waste products)
Explain how the Cardiovascular system maintains a constant Temperature?
Vasodilation - Moving blood nearer to the skin cools the body more quickly
This means you can exercise for a long time without overheating
What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
What is a Double Circulatory System?
A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two different circuits
Give an example of a double circulatory system:
The Cardiovascular System
What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
What 2 circuits is the Cardiovascular system made up of?
- Pulmonary circuit
- Systemic circuit
What is the Pulmonary circuit made up of?
Lungs & the Heart
What is the Systemic circuit made up of?
Rest of the body & Heart
Describe the path of the pulmonary circuit:
Deoxygenated blood
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Right semi-lunar valve
- Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
Blood becomes Oxygenated
- Pulmonary Veins
- Left Atrium
Describe the path of the Systemic circuit:
Oxygenated blood
- Bicuspid Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Left semi-lunar valve
- Aorta
- Rest of body
Deoxygenated blood
- Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
What does blood deliver to the working muscles during physical activity?
Oxygen & Glucose
What’s the 3 different types of Blood Vessels?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
What is main the purpose of Arteries?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Which Artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary Artery
Describe the structure of Arteries:
- Thick, Muscular Walls
- Carries blood @ high pressure
Describe the structure of Veins:
- Has Valves
- Thinner walls & Less muscle than arteries
- Carries blood @ low pressure
What is main the purpose of Veins?
Carries blood towards the heart
What is main the purpose of Capillaries?
Carries blood through the body to exchange gases & nutrients with the body’s tissues
Describe the structure of Capillaries:
- One cell thick walls
- Very narrow - So a large surface area
*Blood flows through slowly
Why does blood move slowly through Capillaries?
So it can gave more time for gas exchange
What is Heart rate?
The No* of times your heart beats per min
What is an adults average resting heart rate?
60 - 80 bpm
What is Stroke Volume?
The amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction
What is Cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per min
What is the formula for Cardiac output?
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume
What is Haemoglobin?
A protein in the red blood cells that stores O2 & Co2
What is the purpose of red blood cells?
- To also carry Co2 to the lungs
- To carry O2 & transport it around the body
This is to it can be used to release energy needed by the working muscles
What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?
- mouth or nose
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchiole
- alveoli
The process of breathing is aided by which 2 muscles?
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles
What is the diaphragm & intercostal muscles also known as?
The respiratory muscles
Describe what happens when you breathe in (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)
- The diaphragm & intercostal muscles contract
—> To move ribcage upwards & to expand the chest cavity
—> Draws air into your lungs
Describe what happens when you breathe out (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)
- The diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax
—> To move ribcage down & to shrink the chest cavity
—> Forces air out of your lungs
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
Alveoli
What features does the body have to aid gas exchange?
- Alveoli are covered in capillaries
- Large blood supply
- Capillaries are close to the alveoli
- Thin walls allow quick diffusion
- Alveoli has a large surface area
- Diffusion
How does ‘Alveoli being covered in capillaries’ aid gas exchange?
Gases pass through the thin walls & into the bloodstream
How does a ‘Large blood supply’ aid gas exchange?
⬆️ blood cell content = ⬆️ amount of O2 supplied to muscles & tissues
How does ‘Capillaries being close to the alveoli’ aid gas exchange?
The diffusion distance is short
How does ‘Alveoli having a large surface area’ aid gas exchange?
Allows diffusion to take place
How does ‘Diffusion’ aid gas exchange?
Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
What are the 2 types of respiration?
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
What is Aerobic exercise ?
- With O2
- Steady & can be maintained for long periods of time
- Heart can supply all the o2 the working muscles need
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Give an example of an athlete that will be using aerobic exercise:
- Marathon runners
- Cross-country skiing
- Distance swimming
What is Anaerobic exercise ?
- Without O2
- Short & High intensity
- Heat & lungs can’t supply blood & O2 to muscles as fast as the cells need them
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose —> Energy + Lactic acid
Give an example of an athlete that will be using anaerobic exercise:
- 100m sprinting
- Javelin
- Vaulting in Gymnastics
What is Breathing rate?
The num of breaths per min
What’s the typical breathing rate of a healthy adult?
12 - 20 per min
What is Tidal volume?
The vol of air inspired or expired per breath
—> ⬆️ during exercise
What is Minute ventilation?
Amount of aur a person breathes per min
What’s the equation for minute ventilation?
MV = Breathing rate x Tidal volume
What are the Short term effects on the Muscular system?
- Muscle temp ⬆️
- Lactic acid is produced
- Vascular shunt mechanism
Why is there an ‘Increase Muscle temperature’ in the muscular system?
Short term effects
Muscles release extra energy for movement (which generates heat)
How does an ‘Increase in Muscle temperature’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- (Name leg muscles) warm up due to energy produced by the footballer
—> Becomes more flexible & less likely to get injured
If he injures himself, he could lose sponsors or be side-lined for a long period of time
How is ‘Lactic acid produced’ in the muscular system?
Short term effects
If you use your muscles anaerobically (for too long), lactic acid starts to build up
—> Leads to lactate accumulation
How does a ‘Lactic acid being produced’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- If produced, sporting performance will ⬇️
—> Have to stop or slow down
Reduces the max performance and fatigues them quicker
What are the effects of lactate accumulation in the body?
- Muscles become painful
- Muscle fatigue
What is Oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen you need
What removes lactic acid from your body?
Oxygen
—> Converts lactic acid into water & Co2
What do you do if your muscles are fatigued?
- Slow down or stop the activity your doing for a while
—> Has a negative impact on performance - To repay oxygen debt
What is the Vascular shunt mechanism?
Blood is re-distributed to the working muscles
More blood goes to the working muscles during exercise than non essential organs
Give some examples of non-essential organs:
- Gut
- Liver
- Stomach
What happens to the distribution of blood at rest?
More blood goes to the non essential organs & less to the muscles
How does the ‘Vascular shunt mechanism’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- When the athlete starts to move around, blood is redirected from the non essential organs to the working muscles
Players are less likely to get lactic acid & can play for longer
What are the Short term effects on the Respiratory system?
- ⬆️ Breathing rate
- ⬆️ Minute ventilation
- ⬆️ Tidal Volume
Why is there an ‘Increase in Tidal volume’ in the respiratory system?
Short term effects
As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy
—> Therefore, we also breathe deeper allowing more O2 to reach our muscles
How does an ‘Increase in Tidal volume’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
They require a lot of energy to swim
—> Means that they require more O2, therefore, the depth of breathing would be deeper
They can swim faster / longer
Why is there an ‘increase in Breathing rate’ in the respiratory system?
Short term effects
As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy
—> Therefore, we breathe quicker allowing more O2 to reach our muscles
How does an ‘Increase in Breathing rate’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- As the athlete begins to cycle, more O2 is needed = breathing rate ⬆️
—> More energy will go to the muscles of the body
They can cycle for longer
Why is there an ‘Increase in Minute ventilation’ in the respiratory system?
Short term effects
The ⬆️ Minute ventilation –> ⬆️ amount of O2 we can get into out muscles for that minute of performance
How does an ‘Increase in Minute ventilation’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
More O2 is inspired/expired per min due to an ⬆️ in the netballers energy levels
—> Therefore, Minute ventilation ⬆️
They can work for longer
What are the Short term effects on the Cardiovascular?
- ⬆️ Heart rate
- ⬆️ Stroke volume
- ⬆️ Cardiac output
What is an Anticipatory rise?
Where your heart rate ⬆️ due to an ⬆️ in adrenaline as you prepare for your sporting activity
Why is there an ‘Increase in Heart rate’ in the cardiovascular system?
Short term effects
- Heart rate ⬆️ to supply working muscles w/ more blood (carries O2)
- O2 combines with stored glucose to provide the energy required to keep exercising @ the same intensity
- Anticipatory rise
How does an ‘Increase in Heart rate’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- Can keep going for longer
Can play the full duration of the game
Why is there an ‘Increase in Stroke volume’ in the cardiovascular system?
Short term effects
- ⬆️ = More blood
—> Therefore, more O2 reaches the muscles. Means more energy can be created allowing the performer to continue working @ a ⬆️ capacity
How does an ‘Increase in Stroke volume’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- More O2 to muscles which allows the rower to row for longer
⬆️ Muscular endurance
Why is there an ‘Increase in Cardiac output’ in the cardiovascular system?
Short term effects
During exercise the amount of blood reaching the muscles will ⬆️ as the cardiac output does
How does an ‘Increase in Cardiac output’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- Swim for longer @ a HIGHER intensity
More likely to win a race
What are the long term effects of the skeletal system?
Bone density ⬆️
Why does Bone density increase after long-term exercise in the Skeletal system?
Regular weight bearing training will strengthen bone matter
—> Usually through weight lifting or using weight machines
What are the benefits of Increased bone density?
- Less likely to break / fracture
- Helps to prevent the onset of osteoporosis
How does an ‘Increase in Bone density’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- Allows the player getting tackled to get less injured
Reduces the likeliness of the player getting subbed off
What are the long term effects of the cardiovascular system?
- Heart Hypertrophy
- Resting heat rate ⬇️
- Resting stroke volume ⬆️
- Cardiac output ⬆️
- Recovery rate ⬆️
- Capillarisation ⬆️
Why does Heart hypertrophy occur after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
- Heart is a muscle —> will get bigger & stronger as a result of training
- Means each bet forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart
—> Means O2 ⬆️
—> Therefore, more energy is produced by the athlete
How does ‘Heart hypertrophy’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- If player trains & practices for a long time, their heart will go through hypertrophy
—> Can take in more O2 & produce more energy
—> Stamina ⬆️
More likely to get less tired & can win more matches
Why does resting heart rate decrease after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
- Larger stroke volume means heart has to beat less often to pump the same amount of blood around the body
—> Therefore, resting heart rate ⬇️
How does ‘Resting heart rate decreasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- The fitter the athlete = the less bpm it will do to pump blood around the body
Makes the swimmer less tired during a comp, ⬆️ likeliness to win
Why does resting stroke volume increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
*A bigger & stronger heart will contract more strongly & pump more blood with each beat
How does ‘Resting stroke volume increasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- The athlete gets more blood pumped around the body
—> Therefore, more O2 is delivered to the working muscles
They can play for a longer duration without getting tired
Why does Cardiac output increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
- ⬆️ Cardiac output allows an athlete to work harder for longer as more blood can be delivered to the working muscles
How does ‘Cardiac output increasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- Athlete can row powerfully for longer as more blood is delivered to the working muscles
Have an ⬆️ chance of winning as the athlete can put their best effort in for longer
Why does Recovery rate increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
Training will result in heart rate recovering quicker after exercise
—> As a bigger, stronger heart can deliver to produce a quicker recovery rate
How does ‘Recovery rate increasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- After a long run in football, the athlete can recover quicker so he can intercept & receive the ball again (without getting so tired)
⬆️ performance & progression of the ball, therefore ⬆️ likeliness to win
Why does Capillarisation increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?
- ⬆️ blood supply to the muscles so they receive more O2
- Also existing capillaries become more efficient
How does ‘Capillarisation increasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- More blood flow goes to the working muscles
Work for longer without getting tired
What are the long term effects of the Respiratory system?
- Aerobic capacity ⬆️
- Respiratory muscles become stronger
- Tidal volume ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE
- Minute ventilation ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE
What does Aerobic capacity mean?
The body’s ability to get oxygen to the muscles
Why does Aerobic capacity increase after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?
- Gaseous exchange @ the alveoli can be improved
—> Allows better delivery of O2 & removal of Co2 - Means athlete can exercise more intensely, for longer & recover more quickly after exercise
How can Gaseous exchange at the alveoli can be improved?
Through endurance training
How does ‘Aerobic capacity increasing’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- More O2 is gone to the working muscles & they can get rid of the Co2 quicker
They can generate more energy & run for longer
Why does Respiratory muscles become stronger after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?
- Allows more air to be breathed in & out
- Chest cavity becomes larger
- More O2 can be delivered to the working muscles & more Co2 can be disposed of
- Resting respiratory rate ⬇️ = ⬆️ fitness of athlete
How does ‘respiratory muscles becoming stronger’ effect sporting performance?
- Able to breathe in an ⬆️ amount of O2 & breathe out an ⬆️ amount of CO2
Cycle for longer without getting tired
Why does Tidal volume & minute ventilation increase DURING EXERCISE after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?
- Athletes lung size will ⬆️ & so will tidal volume & ability to provide a steady flow of oxygenated blood
- More O2 they can deliver = more energy they will be able to create
How does ‘Tidal volume & minute ventilation increasing DURING EXERCISE’ effect sporting performance?
And why is this important to sporting preformance?
- He can take more O2 in and out
Able to play for longer
