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gcse ocr physical education > Paper 1 - Anatomy and Physiology (part 2) > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Anatomy and Physiology (part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the Aorta in the heart?

A
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2
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Vein in the heart?

A
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3
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Artery in the heart?

A
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4
Q

Where is the Vena Cava in the heart?

A
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5
Q

Where is the Left Atrium in the heart?

A
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6
Q

Where is the Left Ventricle in the heart?

A
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7
Q

Where is the Right Atrium in the heart?

A
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8
Q

Where is the Right Ventricle in the heart?

A
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9
Q

Where is the Tricuspid Valve in the heart?

A
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10
Q

Where is the Bicuspid Valve in the heart?

A
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11
Q

Where is the Semi-lunar Valve in the heart?

A
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12
Q

What’s the 2 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transport of substances
  • Temperature control
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13
Q

Explain how the Cardiovascular system Transports substances?

A

In the bloodstream e.g. Co2, O2 & nutrients (like glucose).

This gives the muscles what they need to release energy to move during exercise(& takes away any waste products)

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14
Q

Explain how the Cardiovascular system maintains a constant Temperature?

A

Vasodilation - Moving blood nearer to the skin cools the body more quickly

This means you can exercise for a long time without overheating

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15
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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16
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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17
Q

What is a Double Circulatory System?

A

A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two different circuits

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18
Q

Give an example of a double circulatory system:

A

The Cardiovascular System

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19
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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20
Q

What 2 circuits is the Cardiovascular system made up of?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit
  • Systemic circuit
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21
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit made up of?

A

Lungs & the Heart

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22
Q

What is the Systemic circuit made up of?

A

Rest of the body & Heart

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23
Q

Describe the path of the pulmonary circuit:

A

Deoxygenated blood

  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Right semi-lunar valve
  4. Pulmonary artery
  5. Lungs

Blood becomes Oxygenated

  1. Pulmonary Veins
  2. Left Atrium
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24
Q

Describe the path of the Systemic circuit:

A

Oxygenated blood

  1. Bicuspid Valve
  2. Left Ventricle
  3. Left semi-lunar valve
  4. Aorta
  5. Rest of body

Deoxygenated blood

  1. Vena Cava
  2. Right Atrium
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25
Q

What does blood deliver to the working muscles during physical activity?

A

Oxygen & Glucose

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26
Q

What’s the 3 different types of Blood Vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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27
Q

What is main the purpose of Arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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28
Q

Which Artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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29
Q

Describe the structure of Arteries:

A
  • Thick, Muscular Walls
  • Carries blood @ high pressure
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30
Q

Describe the structure of Veins:

A
  • Has Valves
  • Thinner walls & Less muscle than arteries
  • Carries blood @ low pressure
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31
Q

What is main the purpose of Veins?

A

Carries blood towards the heart

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32
Q

What is main the purpose of Capillaries?

A

Carries blood through the body to exchange gases & nutrients with the body’s tissues

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33
Q

Describe the structure of Capillaries:

A
  • One cell thick walls
  • Very narrow - So a large surface area
    *Blood flows through slowly
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34
Q

Why does blood move slowly through Capillaries?

A

So it can gave more time for gas exchange

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35
Q

What is Heart rate?

A

The No* of times your heart beats per min

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36
Q

What is an adults average resting heart rate?

A

60 - 80 bpm

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37
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

The amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction

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38
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per min

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39
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume

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40
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

A protein in the red blood cells that stores O2 & Co2

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41
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells?

A
  • To also carry Co2 to the lungs
  • To carry O2 & transport it around the body

This is to it can be used to release energy needed by the working muscles

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42
Q

What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?

A
  • mouth or nose
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchiole
  • alveoli
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43
Q

The process of breathing is aided by which 2 muscles?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles
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44
Q

What is the diaphragm & intercostal muscles also known as?

A

The respiratory muscles

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45
Q

Describe what happens when you breathe in (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)

A
  • The diaphragm & intercostal muscles contract
    —> To move ribcage upwards & to expand the chest cavity
    —> Draws air into your lungs
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46
Q

Describe what happens when you breathe out (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)

A
  • The diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax
    —> To move ribcage down & to shrink the chest cavity
    —> Forces air out of your lungs
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47
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli

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48
Q

What features does the body have to aid gas exchange?

A
  • Alveoli are covered in capillaries
  • Large blood supply
  • Capillaries are close to the alveoli
  • Thin walls allow quick diffusion
  • Alveoli has a large surface area
  • Diffusion
49
Q

How does ‘Alveoli being covered in capillaries’ aid gas exchange?

A

Gases pass through the thin walls & into the bloodstream

50
Q

How does a ‘Large blood supply’ aid gas exchange?

A

⬆️ blood cell content = ⬆️ amount of O2 supplied to muscles & tissues

51
Q

How does ‘Capillaries being close to the alveoli’ aid gas exchange?

A

The diffusion distance is short

52
Q

How does ‘Alveoli having a large surface area’ aid gas exchange?

A

Allows diffusion to take place

53
Q

How does ‘Diffusion’ aid gas exchange?

A

Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

54
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A
  • Aerobic
  • Anaerobic
55
Q

What is Aerobic exercise ?

A
  • With O2
  • Steady & can be maintained for long periods of time
  • Heart can supply all the o2 the working muscles need
56
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

57
Q

Give an example of an athlete that will be using aerobic exercise:

A
  • Marathon runners
  • Cross-country skiing
  • Distance swimming
58
Q

What is Anaerobic exercise ?

A
  • Without O2
  • Short & High intensity
  • Heat & lungs can’t supply blood & O2 to muscles as fast as the cells need them
59
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> Energy + Lactic acid

60
Q

Give an example of an athlete that will be using anaerobic exercise:

A
  • 100m sprinting
  • Javelin
  • Vaulting in Gymnastics
61
Q

What is Breathing rate?

A

The num of breaths per min

62
Q

What’s the typical breathing rate of a healthy adult?

A

12 - 20 per min

63
Q

What is Tidal volume?

A

The vol of air inspired or expired per breath
—> ⬆️ during exercise

64
Q

What is Minute ventilation?

A

Amount of aur a person breathes per min

65
Q

What’s the equation for minute ventilation?

A

MV = Breathing rate x Tidal volume

66
Q

What are the Short term effects on the Muscular system?

A
  • Muscle temp ⬆️
  • Lactic acid is produced
  • Vascular shunt mechanism
67
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase Muscle temperature’ in the muscular system?

Short term effects

A

Muscles release extra energy for movement (which generates heat)

68
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Muscle temperature’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • (Name leg muscles) warm up due to energy produced by the footballer
    —> Becomes more flexible & less likely to get injured

If he injures himself, he could lose sponsors or be side-lined for a long period of time

69
Q

How is ‘Lactic acid produced’ in the muscular system?

Short term effects

A

If you use your muscles anaerobically (for too long), lactic acid starts to build up
—> Leads to lactate accumulation

70
Q

How does a ‘Lactic acid being produced’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • If produced, sporting performance will ⬇️
    —> Have to stop or slow down

Reduces the max performance and fatigues them quicker

71
Q

What are the effects of lactate accumulation in the body?

A
  • Muscles become painful
  • Muscle fatigue
72
Q

What is Oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen you need

73
Q

What removes lactic acid from your body?

A

Oxygen
—> Converts lactic acid into water & Co2

74
Q

What do you do if your muscles are fatigued?

A
  • Slow down or stop the activity your doing for a while
    —> Has a negative impact on performance
  • To repay oxygen debt
75
Q

What is the Vascular shunt mechanism?

A

Blood is re-distributed to the working muscles

More blood goes to the working muscles during exercise than non essential organs

76
Q

Give some examples of non-essential organs:

A
  • Gut
  • Liver
  • Stomach
77
Q

What happens to the distribution of blood at rest?

A

More blood goes to the non essential organs & less to the muscles

78
Q

How does the ‘Vascular shunt mechanism’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • When the athlete starts to move around, blood is redirected from the non essential organs to the working muscles

Players are less likely to get lactic acid & can play for longer

79
Q

What are the Short term effects on the Respiratory system?

A
  • ⬆️ Breathing rate
  • ⬆️ Minute ventilation
  • ⬆️ Tidal Volume
80
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase in Tidal volume’ in the respiratory system?

Short term effects

A

As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy
—> Therefore, we also breathe deeper allowing more O2 to reach our muscles

81
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Tidal volume’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A

They require a lot of energy to swim
—> Means that they require more O2, therefore, the depth of breathing would be deeper

They can swim faster / longer

82
Q

Why is there an ‘increase in Breathing rate’ in the respiratory system?

Short term effects

A

As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy
—> Therefore, we breathe quicker allowing more O2 to reach our muscles

83
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Breathing rate’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • As the athlete begins to cycle, more O2 is needed = breathing rate ⬆️
    —> More energy will go to the muscles of the body

They can cycle for longer

84
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase in Minute ventilation’ in the respiratory system?

Short term effects

A

The ⬆️ Minute ventilation –> ⬆️ amount of O2 we can get into out muscles for that minute of performance

85
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Minute ventilation’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A

More O2 is inspired/expired per min due to an ⬆️ in the netballers energy levels
—> Therefore, Minute ventilation ⬆️

They can work for longer

86
Q

What are the Short term effects on the Cardiovascular?

A
  • ⬆️ Heart rate
  • ⬆️ Stroke volume
  • ⬆️ Cardiac output
87
Q

What is an Anticipatory rise?

A

Where your heart rate ⬆️ due to an ⬆️ in adrenaline as you prepare for your sporting activity

88
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase in Heart rate’ in the cardiovascular system?

Short term effects

A
  • Heart rate ⬆️ to supply working muscles w/ more blood (carries O2)
  • O2 combines with stored glucose to provide the energy required to keep exercising @ the same intensity
  • Anticipatory rise
89
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Heart rate’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • Can keep going for longer

Can play the full duration of the game

90
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase in Stroke volume’ in the cardiovascular system?

Short term effects

A
  • ⬆️ = More blood
    —> Therefore, more O2 reaches the muscles. Means more energy can be created allowing the performer to continue working @ a ⬆️ capacity
91
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Stroke volume’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • More O2 to muscles which allows the rower to row for longer

⬆️ Muscular endurance

92
Q

Why is there an ‘Increase in Cardiac output’ in the cardiovascular system?

Short term effects

A

During exercise the amount of blood reaching the muscles will ⬆️ as the cardiac output does

93
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Cardiac output’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • Swim for longer @ a HIGHER intensity

More likely to win a race

94
Q

What are the long term effects of the skeletal system?

A

Bone density ⬆️

95
Q

Why does Bone density increase after long-term exercise in the Skeletal system?

A

Regular weight bearing training will strengthen bone matter
—> Usually through weight lifting or using weight machines

96
Q

What are the benefits of Increased bone density?

A
  • Less likely to break / fracture
  • Helps to prevent the onset of osteoporosis
97
Q

How does an ‘Increase in Bone density’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • Allows the player getting tackled to get less injured

Reduces the likeliness of the player getting subbed off

98
Q

What are the long term effects of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart Hypertrophy
  • Resting heat rate ⬇️
  • Resting stroke volume ⬆️
  • Cardiac output ⬆️
  • Recovery rate ⬆️
  • Capillarisation ⬆️
99
Q

Why does Heart hypertrophy occur after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart is a muscle —> will get bigger & stronger as a result of training
  • Means each bet forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart
    —> Means O2 ⬆️
    —> Therefore, more energy is produced by the athlete
100
Q

How does ‘Heart hypertrophy’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • If player trains & practices for a long time, their heart will go through hypertrophy
    —> Can take in more O2 & produce more energy
    —> Stamina ⬆️

More likely to get less tired & can win more matches

101
Q

Why does resting heart rate decrease after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Larger stroke volume means heart has to beat less often to pump the same amount of blood around the body
    —> Therefore, resting heart rate ⬇️
102
Q

How does ‘Resting heart rate decreasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • The fitter the athlete = the less bpm it will do to pump blood around the body

Makes the swimmer less tired during a comp, ⬆️ likeliness to win

103
Q

Why does resting stroke volume increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A

*A bigger & stronger heart will contract more strongly & pump more blood with each beat

104
Q

How does ‘Resting stroke volume increasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • The athlete gets more blood pumped around the body
    —> Therefore, more O2 is delivered to the working muscles

They can play for a longer duration without getting tired

105
Q

Why does Cardiac output increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • ⬆️ Cardiac output allows an athlete to work harder for longer as more blood can be delivered to the working muscles
106
Q

How does ‘Cardiac output increasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • Athlete can row powerfully for longer as more blood is delivered to the working muscles

Have an ⬆️ chance of winning as the athlete can put their best effort in for longer

107
Q

Why does Recovery rate increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A

Training will result in heart rate recovering quicker after exercise
—> As a bigger, stronger heart can deliver to produce a quicker recovery rate

108
Q

How does ‘Recovery rate increasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • After a long run in football, the athlete can recover quicker so he can intercept & receive the ball again (without getting so tired)

⬆️ performance & progression of the ball, therefore ⬆️ likeliness to win

109
Q

Why does Capillarisation increase after long-term exercise in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • ⬆️ blood supply to the muscles so they receive more O2
  • Also existing capillaries become more efficient
110
Q

How does ‘Capillarisation increasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • More blood flow goes to the working muscles

Work for longer without getting tired

111
Q

What are the long term effects of the Respiratory system?

A
  • Aerobic capacity ⬆️
  • Respiratory muscles become stronger
  • Tidal volume ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE
  • Minute ventilation ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE
112
Q

What does Aerobic capacity mean?

A

The body’s ability to get oxygen to the muscles

113
Q

Why does Aerobic capacity increase after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?

A
  • Gaseous exchange @ the alveoli can be improved
    —> Allows better delivery of O2 & removal of Co2
  • Means athlete can exercise more intensely, for longer & recover more quickly after exercise
114
Q

How can Gaseous exchange at the alveoli can be improved?

A

Through endurance training

115
Q

How does ‘Aerobic capacity increasing’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • More O2 is gone to the working muscles & they can get rid of the Co2 quicker

They can generate more energy & run for longer

116
Q

Why does Respiratory muscles become stronger after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?

A
  • Allows more air to be breathed in & out
  • Chest cavity becomes larger
  • More O2 can be delivered to the working muscles & more Co2 can be disposed of
  • Resting respiratory rate ⬇️ = ⬆️ fitness of athlete
117
Q

How does ‘respiratory muscles becoming stronger’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?
A
  • Able to breathe in an ⬆️ amount of O2 & breathe out an ⬆️ amount of CO2

Cycle for longer without getting tired

118
Q

Why does Tidal volume & minute ventilation increase DURING EXERCISE after long-term exercise in the Respiratory system?

A
  • Athletes lung size will ⬆️ & so will tidal volume & ability to provide a steady flow of oxygenated blood
  • More O2 they can deliver = more energy they will be able to create
119
Q

How does ‘Tidal volume & minute ventilation increasing DURING EXERCISE’ effect sporting performance?

And why is this important to sporting preformance?

A
  • He can take more O2 in and out

Able to play for longer

gcse ocr physical education (6 decks)

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