Paper 2- Research Methods Flashcards
What is the aim of a study
Developed from theories, they’re general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
What is a hypothesis
A statement of what the researched believes to be true. It is made at the start of the study and clearly states the relationship between variables as stated by the theory
What is a directional hypothesis
States whether changes are greater or lesser, positive or negstive etc
What is a non-directional hypothesis
Doesn’t state the direction
What is the independent variable
Variable manipulated by the researcher
What is the dependant variable
What is measured
What are the two levels of the independent variable
Control condition
Experimental condition
What does operationalisation mean
Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured
What is an experimental method
Involves the manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on the dependant variable. Experiments may be lab, field, natural or quasi
What is an extraneous variable
Any variable, other than the independent variable, that may have an effect on the dependant variable if it’s not controlled. EVs are essentially nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV.
What can extraneous and confounding variables be divided into
Participant variables - such as motivation level or intelligence
Situational variables - background noise and other distractions
What is a confounding variable
Any variable, other than the IV, that may have affected the DV so we cannot be sure of the true source of change to the DV. Confounding variables vary systematically with the IV
What are two sources of bias
Demand characteristics
Instigator effects
What are demand characteristics
Any cue from the researcher or research situation that may be interpreted by participants are revealing the purpose of the investigation. This may lead to a participant changing their behaviour within the research situation.
What is the please-U effect
The participants may act in a way they think is expected
What is the screw-U effect
The participants may try to sabotage the results of the study
What are instigator effects
Any effect of the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome. This may include everyrhing from the design of the study to the selection of, and interaction with, participants during the research
What does chance
The extent to which something occurs randomly I.e the absence of a discoverable cause
What is randomisation
The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions
What is standardisation
Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions of all participants in a research study
What is a standardised instruction
A set of instructions that are the same for all participants so as to avoid instigator effects caused by different instructions
What are the two ways of controlling bias
Randomisation
Standardisation
What is independent groups design
Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition.
Random allocation is used to assign participants to groups
What is random allocation
An attempt to control for participant variables in an independent group design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other
One strength and weakness of independent groups design
Strength: order effects are avoided. In repeated measures order effects can occur because the same person is tested again and may do better the second time because they have practised (a practice effect) or worse becsuse they are tired or bored. This csn act as a CV and is best avoided.
Weakness: participant variables may act as EVs. The participants in the two groups are likely to differ so it might be that condition A ends up with people that are more talkative than condition B. This may affect the validity of the conclusion
What is a repeated measures design
All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.
The order in which participants are tested should be varied to reduce order effects.
How can order effects be minimised
Counterbalancing - each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts.
Strength and weakness of repeated measures design
Strength: Controls participant variables. Each person acts as their own control because the person in both conditions has the same characteristics. This controls an important EV.
Weakness: order effects. Participants may do better or worse because they are doing a similar task twice. They may improve through practice or get worse through boredom or fatigue. These order effects are an EV.
What is matched pairs design
Pairs of participants are first matched on some variable(s) that may affect the DV. Then one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other to condition B. It offers a compromise between independent groups and repeated measures
Strength and weakness of matched pairs design
strength: no problem with order effects. Matching using two separate groups of participants and therefore there can be no order effects, nor will participants guess the aim. Enhanced the validity.
Weakness: matching takes time. It’s a lengthy process to test all participants and match them up. This increases the time taken and the cost. Matching is also not perfect and may not involve all relevant variables.
What are the four types of experiment
Lab
Natural
Field
Quasi
What is a lab experiment
Any setting specially fitted out for conducting research, it is the ideal place for experiments as it permits maximum control. Labs are not just used for experimental research, for example controlled observations are also conducted in labs. Only by controlling EV/CVS can we claim any confidence that the change in the IV was due to the DV
What are the two importance’s of controlled conditions in a lab
To make it easy to control the IV.
To control the extraneous and confounding variables.
Strength and weakness of lab experiments
Strength: replicability. If the same experiment can be repeated and the results are the same, this confirms the validity of the results. This replication is easier in a lab because most aspects of the environment have been controlled and therefore will be the same when the experiment is repeated.
Weakness: lack generalisability. May be rather artificial and not like everyday life. Participants also know they are being observed and may behave differently. This means behaviours cannot always be generalised beyond the research setting (low external validity)
What is a field experiment
An experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV.
The experimenter still controls the IV but has less control over EVs.
Strength and weakness of field experiments
Strength: generalisability. Environment May feel more comfortable and natural. It means that participants are more likely to behave as they usually do whereas they may behave less naturally in a lab. Means results may be more generalisable to everyday life. Greater external validity.
Weakness: ethical issues. Participants are not given the opportunity to provide informed consent (bc they’d be aware they are being studied) and are not always debriefed at the end of the study. This is a possible invasion of privacy which raises ethical issues
What is a natural experiment
An experiment where the change in the IV is not brought about by the researcher but would have happened even if the researcher had not been there. The researcher records the effects on the DV. E.g Romanian orphans
Strength and weakness of natural experiments
Strength: in some cases it’s the only ethical way ‘causal’ research can be done. Often researchers want to study the effects of a particular IV but it would not be ethical to manipulate the IV themselves. E.g Romanian orphans it would not be fair to deliberately make some children experience late adoption for the experiment.
Weakness: occur very rarely. Many natural events are ‘one offs’ and this reduces the opportunity for research. This may also limit the scope for generalising findings to other similar situations.
What are quasi-experiments
A study that is almost an experiment but lacks key ingredients. The IV has not been determined by anyone - he variable simply exists like being old or young. Strictly speaking, this is not an experiment. IV is determined by difference between people that is already there, it is not possible for random allocation to occur because the participant in each group are already decided before the experimenter comes along
Strength and weakness of quasi-experiments
Strength: comparisons can be made regarding behaviours. Often, IVs is a pre-existing difference between different groups of people. This means that comparisons between different types of people, and the different behaviour they demonstrate, can be made.
Weakness: random allocation to conditions is not possible. Due to the IV being pre-existing, participants cannot be randomly allocated to experimental conditions. This means the researcher is less sure whether the IV affected the DV because other participant variables.
What is a pilot study
A small-scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real investigation is conducted. The results don’t matter, it’s not about seeing the results support the hypothesis, the researcher is just testing the procedures and refining them if necessary
What is the aim of pilot studies
To check that procedure, materials, measuring scales etc work and allow the researcher to make changes or modifications if necessary
What is a single-blind test
A type of research design in which a participant is not aware of research aims and/or of which condition of the experiment they are receiving (deception is involved)
What is a double-blind test
Neither the participant nor the researcher conducting the study are aware of the research aims or other important details of a study, and thus have no expectations that might alter a participants behaviour
What does a double-blind test prevent
Investigator effects affecting the participants performance
What are ‘control’ groups
In an experiment with an independent groups design, a group of participants who receive no treatment. Their behaviour acts as a baseline against which the effect of the IV may be measured and compared. If the change in behaviour of the experimental group are significantly greater than that of the control group, then the researcher can conclude that the cause of this effect was the IV (assuming all other CVs have been controlled)
What does the process of sampling mean
Selecting participants
What is a sample
A group of people who take part in a research investigation. The sample is drawn from a target population and is presumed to be representative of the population
What are processes when conducting a research study
Decide on aims
Produce hypothesis
Consider the design of the study
Sample
What is a target population
Refers to the large group of people from which the sample will be drawn. For practical and economic reasons it’s not possible to include all members of the target population therefore a sample is taken
What is a representative sample
A sample selected so that it accurately stands for or represents the population being studied
Why are most samples inevitably biased
In that certain groups, ages, genders are over or under represented which limits generalisability
What are the 5 types of samples
Opportunity Volunteer Random Systematic Stratified
What is an opportunity sample
A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of a study. Done by asking the people nearby, some many decline
Strength and weakness of opportunity sample
Strength: quickest method to use. Convenient because it is people who are closest. Makes it one of the most population sampling metrics.
Weakness: inevitably bias. Sample is unrepresentative of the target population as it’s from from a specific area so findings can’t be generalised. The researcher also had complete control over who is selected and, for instance, may avoid people they don’t like the look of (researcher bias)
What is a volunteer sample
Sample of participants produced by a sampling technique that relies solely on inviting people to take part. The participants are self-selecting. Done by advertising.
Strength and weakness of volunteer sample
Strength: guarantees you get willing participants as they had selected themselves and know how much time will be involved and made an effort with the researcher etc. Means that participants will be willing to put in more time and thought than someone who you may have just stopped in the street.
Weakness: likely to be bias. The fact that people volunteered means that they are likely to have certain characteristic that are not representative of the target population (volunteer bias). Volunteers may have certain ‘profile’ - one who is keen and helpful which limits generalisability
What is a random sample
A sample of participants produced by using a random technique such that every member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected. Done by using the lottery method (all members of population placed in hat or tomboys) or random number table (generated by computer where every person represents a number)
Strength and weakness of random sample
Strength: potentially unbiased. Researcher has no influence over who is selected and this prevents them from choosing people who they think may support their hypothesis. In reality some participants may decline to take part and then the remaining sample has kind of a volunteer bias - only those willing are left.
Weakness: representative sample is not guaranteed. Law of probability suggests that random sampling is likely to produce a more representative sampling than say opportunity sample. However it’s still possible that the random method may select all females or males etc. Limits generalisability.
What is systematic sampling
An method of obtaining a representative sample by selecting every 5th, 7th or 10th person etc. This can be random if the first person is selected using a random method then you select every 5th, 7th 10th person after.
Strength and weakness of systematic sample
Strength: unbiased. Often an objective system. In fact it can be regarded as a random sample of the first item is selected using a random method.
Weakness: takes more time and effort than other methods. Can be just as time-consuming as random sampling as a complete list of the target population has to be found. Therefore a researcher might as well use random sampling.
What is a stratified sample
Most commonly used in large scale questionnaire research, it is a sampling technique in which groups of participants are selected in proportion to the frequency in their population in order to obtain a representative sample. The aim is to identify sections of the population, or strata, that need to be represented in the study. Individuals from those strata are then selected for the study using a random technique
Example of a stratified sample
Subgroups (or strata) are identified like gender or age group. The relative percentage for these subgroups are obtained. E.g if 45% of the target population is male then this is reflected in the sample obtained. And if 15% is aged 15-20 this needs to be represented. Not a matter of equal representation of all strata but equal to their frequency in the target population.
Strength and weakness of stratified sample
Strength: more representative of the target population than other methods. This method specifically works out the characteristics of the target population and therefore can represent these. This means that generalisation becomes possible.
Weakness: not perfect. The identified strata cannot reflect all the ways that people are different within a target population. So a completely representative sample is not possible.
When do ethical issues arise
When a conflict exists between the rights of participants in research studies and the goals of research to produce authentic, valid and worthwhile data. This conflict has implications for the safety and well-being of participants
What exists to protect the interests of participants
The BPS code of ethics
What is the BPS code of ethics
A quasi-legal document produced by the British Psychological Society that instructs psychologists in the UK about what behaviour is and is not acceptable when dealing with human participants. It is build around four major principles: respect, competence, responsibility and integrity
What are the four important principles the code of ethics sets out
Respect e.g appreciate the rights of other
Competence e.g be aware of own limits and seek help and training
Responsibility e.g avoid harming clients or participants
Integrity e.g be honest and accurate
What are 4 ethical issues
Informed consent
Deception
Protection from harm
Privacy and confidentiality
What is informed consent
An ethical issue and an ethical guideline in psychological research whereby participants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in it, in order for them to make an informed decision about whether to participate
What does informed consent actually involve
Making participants aware of the aims of the research, the procedures, their rights (including the rights to withdraw their participation at any time) and what their data will be used for.
In cases of deception, participants must at least be informed about what their participation involved
What is the right to withdraw
An ethical issue: participants should have the right to withdraw from participating in a research study if they want to
For participants under 16, what is required to take part in a study
Parental consent
Why does full informed consent preset a dilemma for researchers
Providing comprehensive information may reveal the study’s aims and this could affect the participants behaviour. This may reduce the meaningfulness and validity of the research
What 3 alternative forms of consent can be used to address the problem of informed consent
Presumptive consent
Prior general consent
Retrospective consent
What is presumptive consent
Rather than getting consent from the participant themselves, a similar group of people are asked if the study is acceptable. It the group agree, then consent of the original participant is ‘presumed’
What is prior general consent
Participants give their permission to take part in a number of different studies, including one that will invoke deception. By consenting, participants are effectively consenting to be deceived.
What is retrospective consent
At the end of the study (during debriefing) participants are asked for their consent having already taken part in the study. They may not have been aware of their participation or they may have been subject to deception
What is deception
An ethical issue, most usually where a participant is not told the true aims of a study (e.g what participation will involve) and thus cannot give truely informed consent. Occasionally deception may involve the provision of false information
What 2 ways can deception occur
By omission: participants may be given some information about what they will be required to do but other information will be withheld
False information: participants mgt be told the study is about something different from the true aims.
From the researchers view, why may deception be necessary
Some is relatively harmless and can be compensated for by adequate debriefing.
It may be necessary in order to conduct valid research, in many cases if participants know the aim of a study their honest behaviour is affected. Thus the study would lack validity
What are the 4 things participants should be told during debriefing
True aims of the investigation.
Any details that were not given during the study, such as the existence of other groups or experimental conditions.
What their data will be used for.
Given the right to withhold their data if they wish particularly if retrospective consent was a feature.
What is debriefing
A post-research interview designed to inform the participants of the true nature of the study and to restore them to a state they were in at the start of the study
What is protection from harm
An ethical issue. During a research study, participants should not experience negative psychological effects such as lowered self esteem of embarrassment. They expect to be in the same state at the end of the study as they were at the beginning, particularly important when working with children. It’s reasonable to expose individuals to risks equivalent to what would be experienced in everyday lives e.g AINSWORTHs study
From a researchers point of view, why does potential harm happen
Because the level of harm that a particular study will cause is difficult to predict, and researchers may only become aware of how participants react when they are in the research situation
What are the ways of dealing with potential harm
Not to conduct a study or to end it early e.g zimbardo.
After a study participants may have concerns related to their performance e.g they may feel embarrassed or anxious and should be reassured their behaviour was normal during the debriefing.
If participants have been subject to stress or embarrassment, they may require counselling which the researcher should provide.
What are the ethical rules for dealing with children
If participants are under 16, parental consent should be obtained. Also, children are a vulnerable group and must receive special care. For instance, make sure their participation is brief as they get tired easily and have a limited attention span
What is privacy
An ethical issue that refers to a persons right to control information about themselves. Can be dealt with in some situations by providing anonymity.
What is the subtle distinction between privacy and confidentiality
We have the right to privacy, if this is invaded confidentiality/ anonymity should be respected
From the researchers point of view, why is it difficult to know what counts as ‘public’
In observational studies, researchers do not want to alert participants to their presence. The usual answer is that observations are legitimate as long as they take place in a public place - sitting in a park is usually considered ‘public’ but lovers may not wish to be observed as that’s not ‘public’
What are the ways of dealing with privacy
Do not observe anyone without their informed consent unless it is agreed that people regard it as acceptable. This can be determined by asking others for their opinion, and presuming that the actual participants would feel the same way (presumptive consent)
What are the ways of dealing with confidentiality
If personal details are held these must be protected (a legal requirement)
However it is more usual to simply record no person details I.e maintain anonymity. Researchers usually refer to participants using numbers, initials or false names when writing up the investigation.
Participants personal data also cannot be shared with other researchers.
What is confidentiality
An ethical issue concerned with a participants right to have personal information protected
What is anonymity
An important aspect of confidentiality; a participant remains anonymous I.e their names is withheld or simply not recorded
What is the way of dealing with all ethical issues
Cost-benefit analysis.
It’s the responsibility of ethical committees to weigh up the costs and benefits of research proposals to decide whether the research study should go ahead. Benefits might include the value of the ground-breaking nature of the research. The costs might include potential harm to participants or damage to the reputation of psychology as a whole
What is an ethical committee
A group of people within a research instruction that must approve a study before it begins
What is an observational study
A research study where only observational techniques are used
What do observations provide psychologists with
A way of seeing or listening to what people do without having to ask them (as in studies involving self-report methods)
Also give researchers the flexibility to study more complex interactions between variables in a more natural way.
What do observations assess
The dependant variable e.g in a study involve aggression the persons behaviour may be assessed using behavioural categories
Strength and weakness of observations
Strength: capture unexpected behaviour. What people say they do is often quite different from what they actually do. So observations give a different perspective on behaviour than say self report methods. Therefore observations are useful as they give insights into spontaneous behaviour.
Weakness: risk of observer bias. It may be difficult to be objective because the researchers interpretation of the situation may be affected by expectations. Involving more than one researcher can reduce the possibility of observer bias affecting the validity of the observations because observations are compared across observers
What are the types of observational techniques
Naturalistic and controlled
Covert and overt
Participant and non-participant
What are naturalistic observations
Watching and recording behaviour in a setting within which is would normally occur - observe people in their day-to-day activities
What is a controlled observation
Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment I.e where some variables are managed e.g the strange situation
Strength and weakness of naturalistic observations
Strength: high external validity. Due to the fact that behaviour is studied in the context within which it would normally occur, the behaviour itself is often more ‘natural’ and spontaneous. This means findings can often be generalised to everyday life as behaviour, increasing validity.
Weakness: low control. Uncontrolled extraneous variables make it difficult to judge any pattern of behaviour. Makes it more difficult to draw any clear conclusions
Strength and weakness of controlled observations
Strength: easily replicated. More easily repeated due to the standardised procedures. This means findings can be checked to see if they occur again, increasing their validity.
Weakness: unlike in a naturalistic observation, the behaviour produced in controlled observation may be contrived and artificial as a result of the artificial setting. They may produce findings that cannot be as readily applied to everyday experience (low external validity)
What is a covert observation
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent
What are overt observations
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent
Strength and weakness of covert observations
Strength:demand characteristics are less of a factor. The fact that participants do not know they are being watched removes the problem of demand characteristics influencing the behaviour of participants. Increases validity
Weakness: ethics. Even in public people may not want their behaviour noting down. For instance, shopping is a public activity but how much they spend is their own business. This means the ethics of these studies may be questioned.
Strength and weakness of overt observations
Strength: ethically more acceptable. Participants have given consent to be studied. They are aware their behaviour is being studied and have the right to withdraw is they wish.
Weakness: demand characteristics. Knowing that their behaviour is being studied may have a significant affect on participants behaviour and they may look for cues to help them define the research situation (demand characteristics). This means their behaviour is less spontaneous and natural than it could have been, threatens validity
What are participant observations
The researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour he/she is watching and recording e.g a study of workers and management might be improved by having the researcher join the workforce to produce a first hand account
What are non-participant observations
The researcher remains outside the group whose behaviour he/she is watching and recording. May be impractical or even impossible to join participant groups such as a group of year 10 students.
Strength and weakness of participant observations
Strength: they can lead to useful insights. The researcher can experience the situation as the participants do, giving them increased insight into the lives of the people being studied. This may increase the validity.
Weakness: possible loss of objectivity. Danger that the researcher may come to identity too strongly with those they are studying and lose objectivity. Known as ‘going native’ where the line between being a researcher and a participant becomes blurred. This threatens the objectivity and ultimately the validity
Strength and weakness of non-participant observations
Strength: more objective. They allow the researcher to maintain an objective distance from their participants so-there is less chance of them ‘going native’, increases validity .
Weakness: loss of insight. May lose valuable insight as they are too far removed from the people and behaviour they are studying. Reduced validity
What are the types of observational design
Unstructured and structure observations.
Behavioural categories.
Observational sampling methods.
What is an unstructured observation
Every instance of a behaviour is recorded in as much detail as possible. This is useful if the behaviours you are interested in do not occur very often. It produced accounts of behaviour that are rich in detail.
When are unstructured observations appropriate
When observations are small-scale and involve few participants, such as observing interactions between a couple and their therapist at a marriage guidance session
What are structured observations
The researcher uses various ‘systems’ to organise observations, such as sampling techniques and using a behaviour checklist (behavioural categories). Thus allowing quantification of behaviour in a structured way. Done when’s there too much going in for the researcher to record it all.
What is a behaviour checklist
In an observation study, dividing the behaviours to be observed into individual components. A form of operationalisation. Each component should be an observable behaviour
Strength and weakness of unstructured observations
Strength: rich and detailed data is collected. Benefit from the qualitative data collected as it may give the researcher more insight into behaviour than data collected in a structured observation.
Weakness: risk of observer bias. Researcher may only record events and behaviour that catch their eye and these may not be the most important or useful. If only certain behaviours are recorded this may Ive an unrepresentative view of participants behaviour as a whole .
Strength and weakness of unstructured observations
Strength: data recording and analysis is easier than unstructured observation. Makes the recording of data more straightforward and systematic. Analysis and comparison of numerical, quantitative data between participants is also easier too.
Weakness: key details may be lost. Reducing observational records to numbers may lead to the loss of key details and information. This may reduce the validity of the eventual findings.
What are behavioural categories
When a target behaviour is broken up into operationalised categories that are observable and measurable. E.g the target behaviour of ‘affection’ may be broken into hugging, kissing, smiling etc. Important that no behaviours are left out.
2 weakness’ of behavioural categories
May be difficult to make them clear and unambiguous. The use of behavioural categories can make data collection more structured and objective, it is important that such categories are clear and unambiguous - they must be measurable, self evident and not overlap. E.g the difference between smiling and grinning would be difficult to discern.
Danger of a dustbin category. Researchers should ensure that all possible forms of the target behaviour are included in the checklist. There should not be a ‘dustin’ category in which many different behaviours are deposited because may behaviours go unrecorded.
What are the two observational sampling methods
Time sampling
Event sampling
What is time sampling
A target individual or group is first established then the researcher records their behaviour in a fixed time frame, say every 60 seconds.
What is event sampling
A target behaviour is event is first established and then the researcher records this event every time it occurs (coding units)
Strength and weakness of time sampling
Strength: reduces the numbers of observations that have to be made. This is because rather than recording everything that is seen, observations are made at specific internals. This makes data collection more structured and systematic for the researcher.
Weakness: may be unrepresentative. What is not recorded during time sampling may be more crucial than what is, and the researcher may miss important interactions and behaviours that fall outside of the timescale. Means the behaviours sampled may be quite unrepresentative of the target behaviour as a whole.
Strength and weakness of event sampling
Strength: may record infrequent behaviours. If the target behaviour occurs infrequently (not at regular intervals) then an observer using event sampling will still ‘pick this up’ as they are looking specifically for this particular behaviour. For this reason, event sampling enables the recording of behaviour that could easily be missed if time sampling was used.
Weakness: complex behaviours may be oversimplified using event sampling. It the event the researcher is focusing on is too complex, such as an agreement/ dispute between co-workers in a workplace, then important details may be overlooked and go unrecorded. May affect the validity.
What is observer bias
In observational studies there is a danger that observers expectations affect what they see or hear. This reduces the validity of the observations.
What are 2 self-report techniques
Questionnaires
Interviews
What are questionnaires
A set of written questions (sometimes referred to as ‘items’) used to assess a persons thoughts and/ or experiences. Maybe used as part of an experiment to assess the dependant variable.
Strength and weakness of questionnaires
Strength: can be distributed to a large number of people. Therefore they can gather a large amount of data. A questionnaire can be completed without a researcher present which also reduces the effort involved. This makes questionnaires cost-effective.
Weakness: may not always be truthful. Respondents may be keen to present themselves in a positive light and this may influence their answers. For examples ‘how often do you get angry?’ Most people would underestimate the frequency hectare of social desirability bias.
What is social desirability bias
A tendency for respondents to answer questions in such a way that presents themselves in a better light
What is response bias
A tendency for interviewees to respond in the same way to all questions regardless of context. This would bias their answer.
What are interviews
A ‘live’ econouter (face to face or on the phone) where one person (the interviewer) asks a set of questions to assess an interviewees thoughts and or experiences. The questions may be pre-set (structured) or may develop as the interview goes on (unstructured)
What are the three types of interviews
Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured
What are structured interviews
Any interview where the questions are decided in advance, basically a questionnaire delivered by a person
What is an unstructured interview
Interview starts out with some general aims and possibly some questions, and lets the interviewees answers guide subsequent questions to allow elaboration of answers
