Paper 2- memory struggles Flashcards
what is introspection
1st systemic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts , sensations and images
standardised procedures Wundt
-same instructions to all participants
-could be replicated
for eg given a ticking metronome to report their thought feelings and sensations which were then recorded
significance Wundt
marked the separation of modern scientific psychology from its broader philosophical roots
1900s
1930s
1950s
1990s
1900s early behaviourists rejected introspection
1930s dominated psychology - focus on learning and use of carefully controlled lab studies
1950s cognitive approach used scientific procedures to study mental processes
1990s biological approach introduced technological advances
Name 2 strength of Wundt/ emergence
- scientific
- research in modern psychology can claim to be scientific
Name 1 limitation of Wundt and another of emergence of psychology
- some aspects are not scientific
- in psychology not all approaches use objective methods
name 3 key assumptions in behaviourist approach
- focus on observable behaviour only
- controlled lab studies
- use of non human animals
what was Pavlovs research
conditioning dogs to salivate when a bell rings
Name 3 types of consequences of behaviour
-positive reinforcement (receiving a reward when behaviour is performed)
-negative reinforcement (produced behaviour to avoid something unpleasant)
-punishment ( unpleasant consequence of behaviour)
+ and - reinforcement increase the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated. Punishement decreases it
N/A
Name 2 strength of behaviourism
- scientific credibility
- laws developed by behaviourists have real life applications
Name 2 limitations of behaviourism
- ethical and practical issues (validity questioned)
- environmental determinism
name 3 key assumptions of SLT
- learning that occurs indirectly (observation and imitation)
- learning related to consequences of behaviour (vicarious reinforcement)
- mediational processes play a crucial role in learning (ARMM
What does Bobo doll study suggests
children model aggressive behaviour
what happened in banduras research 1
children watched an adult either
- behave aggressively / not towards a bobo doll
when given their own doll to play with the children who had seen aggressive were much more aggressive
Name 3 types of neurons and their functions
motor neurons - connect the CNS to effectors such as muscle and glands , short dendrites and long axons
sensory neurons - carry messages from the PNS to the CNS , long dendrites and short axons
relay
2 strengths of SLT - culture, determinism
- less determinist than the behaviourist approach
- account for cultural differences in behaviour
2 limitations of SLT
- relies too heavily on evidence from lab studies
- underestimate the influence of biological factors
Name the sequences of stages of psychosexual
Oral 0-1 Anal 1-3 Phallic 3-5 pleasure focus genital area Latency genital- puberty , sexual desires become conscious
Name 3 defence mechanisms
repression
denial
displacement
key assumptions of psychodynamic
- unconscious mind has an important influence on behaviour
- tripartite structure of personality
- 5 psychosexual stages
- Oedipus complex at phallic
Name 2 strengths psychodynamic
- explanatory power (used to explain wide range of behaviours)
- approach has practical application in the real world (psychoanalysis)
Name 2 limitations to the psychodynamic approach
- lots of untestable complex
- case study freud relied on has been criticised
Name 3 assumptions from humanistic approach
- concept of free will is central
- rejects attempts to establish scientific principles of human behaviour
- person cantered approach
Maslows hierarchy of needs
- deficiency needs must b met before the individual an work towards self- actualisation
- self actualisation refers to the innate tendency that each of us want to achieve potential
Name 3 other assumptions humanistic
- focus on self
- aim of therapy is to establish congruence between self- concept and the ideal self
- parents who impose conditions of worth may prevent personal growth
Counselling psychology in humanistic approach and aim
an effective therapist should have: - genuiness - empathy - unconditional positive regard aim is to increase feelings of self-worth and reduce incongruence between self-concept and the ideal self
Name 2 strengths of humanistic approach
- positive approach (compare to freud)
- anti-reductionist (advocate holism)
Name 2 limitations of humanistic approach
- untestable concepts (self actualisation and congruence)
- western cultural bias ( concepts association with individualist cultures more)
what is a schema
Schemas are useful as they allow us to take cognitive shortcuts when interpreting a large amount of information, as they help us to ‘fill in the gaps’ in the absence of complete information.
