Paper 2- memory struggles

Question 1

what is introspection

Answer 1

1st systemic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts , sensations and images

Question 2

standardised procedures Wundt

Answer 2

-same instructions to all participants
-could be replicated
for eg given a ticking metronome to report their thought feelings and sensations which were then recorded

Question 3

significance Wundt

Answer 3

marked the separation of modern scientific psychology from its broader philosophical roots

Question 4

1900s
1930s
1950s
1990s

Answer 4

1900s early behaviourists rejected introspection
1930s dominated psychology - focus on learning and use of carefully controlled lab studies
1950s cognitive approach used scientific procedures to study mental processes
1990s biological approach introduced technological advances

Question 5

Name 2 strength of Wundt/ emergence

Answer 5

• scientific

- research in modern psychology can claim to be scientific

Question 6

Name 1 limitation of Wundt and another of emergence of psychology

Answer 6

• some aspects are not scientific

- in psychology not all approaches use objective methods

Question 7

name 3 key assumptions in behaviourist approach

Answer 7

• focus on observable behaviour only
• controlled lab studies
• use of non human animals

Question 8

what was Pavlovs research

Answer 8

conditioning dogs to salivate when a bell rings

Question 9

Name 3 types of consequences of behaviour

Answer 9

-positive reinforcement (receiving a reward when behaviour is performed)
-negative reinforcement (produced behaviour to avoid something unpleasant)
-punishment ( unpleasant consequence of behaviour)
+ and - reinforcement increase the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated. Punishement decreases it

Question 10

N/A

Question 11

Name 2 strength of behaviourism

Answer 11

• scientific credibility

- laws developed by behaviourists have real life applications

Question 12

Name 2 limitations of behaviourism

Answer 12

• ethical and practical issues (validity questioned)

- environmental determinism

Question 13

name 3 key assumptions of SLT

Answer 13

• learning that occurs indirectly (observation and imitation)
• learning related to consequences of behaviour (vicarious reinforcement)
• mediational processes play a crucial role in learning (ARMM

Question 14

What does Bobo doll study suggests

Answer 14

children model aggressive behaviour

Question 15

what happened in banduras research 1

Answer 15

children watched an adult either
- behave aggressively / not towards a bobo doll
when given their own doll to play with the children who had seen aggressive were much more aggressive

Question 16

Name 3 types of neurons and their functions

Answer 16

motor neurons - connect the CNS to effectors such as muscle and glands , short dendrites and long axons
sensory neurons - carry messages from the PNS to the CNS , long dendrites and short axons
relay

Question 17

2 strengths of SLT - culture, determinism

Answer 17

• less determinist than the behaviourist approach

- account for cultural differences in behaviour

Question 18

2 limitations of SLT

Answer 18

• relies too heavily on evidence from lab studies

- underestimate the influence of biological factors

Question 19

Name the sequences of stages of psychosexual

Answer 19

Oral 0-1
Anal 1-3
Phallic 3-5 pleasure focus genital area 
Latency 
genital-  puberty , sexual desires become conscious

Question 20

Name 3 defence mechanisms

Answer 20

repression
denial
displacement

Question 21

key assumptions of psychodynamic

Answer 21

• unconscious mind has an important influence on behaviour
• tripartite structure of personality
• 5 psychosexual stages
• Oedipus complex at phallic

Question 22

Name 2 strengths psychodynamic

Answer 22

• explanatory power (used to explain wide range of behaviours)
• approach has practical application in the real world (psychoanalysis)

Question 23

Name 2 limitations to the psychodynamic approach

Answer 23

• lots of untestable complex

- case study freud relied on has been criticised

Question 24

Name 3 assumptions from humanistic approach

Answer 24

• concept of free will is central
• rejects attempts to establish scientific principles of human behaviour
• person cantered approach

Question 25

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 25

• deficiency needs must b met before the individual an work towards self- actualisation
• self actualisation refers to the innate tendency that each of us want to achieve potential

Question 26

Name 3 other assumptions humanistic

Answer 26

• focus on self
• aim of therapy is to establish congruence between self- concept and the ideal self
• parents who impose conditions of worth may prevent personal growth

Question 27

Counselling psychology in humanistic approach and aim

Answer 27

an effective therapist should have:
- genuiness 
- empathy 
- unconditional positive regard 
aim is to increase feelings of self-worth and reduce incongruence between  self-concept and the ideal self

Question 28

Name 2 strengths of humanistic approach

Answer 28

• positive approach (compare to freud)

- anti-reductionist (advocate holism)

Question 29

Name 2 limitations of humanistic approach

Answer 29

• untestable concepts (self actualisation and congruence)

- western cultural bias ( concepts association with individualist cultures more)

Question 30

what is a schema

Answer 30

Schemas are useful as they allow us to take cognitive shortcuts when interpreting a large amount of information, as they help us to ‘fill in the gaps’ in the absence of complete information.