Paper 2 Case Studies

Question 1

PUSH Factors for Lagos

Answer 1

• Boko Haram (N/E)
• Large scale oil production in areas like the Niger Delta
• Severe drought to the North > scarce food resources

Question 1

Lagos Statistics - Rural to Urban Migration

Answer 1

• 7 million migrants between 1990 and 2004
• Population risen to 20,000,000 from 300,000 in 1950

Question 2

Push Factors for Lagos:

Answer 2

• Well connected by air and has a sea port
• Home to “Nollywood”
• More schools, better healthcare, more entertainment

Question 3

Natural Increase in Lagos

Answer 3

• 5.65 fertility rate
• Better healthcare leads to lower infant mortality rate
• More children reach adulthood > rising population

Question 4

How is education a social opportunity in Lagos?

Answer 4

• 11,226 primary
• 2,565 secondary
• 98% educated
• 61% national average
• 10 unis and 5 tech and vocational schools

Question 5

Healthcare social opportunity

Answer 5

• 41.2% increase in LE from 37 in 1960 to 52.5 in 2014
• Under-five mortality rate = 50/1000 compared to 120/1000

Question 6

Water social opportunity Lagos

Answer 6

• 81% clean supply
• Wealthiest 10% have access to reliable supply
• Vendors

Question 7

Energy social opportunity Lagos

Answer 7

• Not good
• Only wealthy people have access
• Can buy a generator

Question 8

Transport Lagos (economy)

Answer 8

• Lagos Lagoon > sheltered harbour > accessible
• Murtala Muhammed International Airport is the main arrival point for 80% of flights to West Africa.
• In 2015, over 7 million passed through the airport.
• Main base for Arik Air, Nigeria’s largest airline.

Question 9

Lagos > important:

Answer 9

• 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
• 10% of population
• New City called Eco Atlantic will employ 150,000 people and population of 250,000

Question 10

Employment - Nigeria vs Lagos

Answer 10

• 78% tertiary Lagos
• 50% Nigeria

Question 11

Olososun - Nigeria’s biggest landfill site

Answer 11

• 100 acre dump in the centre of Lagos.
• 10,000 tonnes of rubbish every day.
• Waste from 500 container ships is also delivered.
• 1,000 homes are found here.
• Residents sort 3,000 tonnes of waste by hand, picking out valuable items to sell.
• Harvesting methane for energy produces 25MW of electricity, enough to power a town.

Question 12

Formal Economy in Lagos

Answer 12

• Bank
• Markets
• Technology

Question 13

CHALLENGES of growth in Lagos

Answer 13

• 65% Slums
• 12 hospitals
• 1% sewers
• Air Pollution > 11,200 premature deaths
• 3 hours traffic
• 25% unemployment rate

Question 14

Problems in Makoko

Answer 14

• High HIV rates
• Dirty water
• Illegal to live there
• Houses are built from hardwood
• LE < 50
• 6-10 per house

Question 15

Problems with vendors (water)

Answer 15

• high prices, not many
• organised crime
• dirty water > cholera/dysentery
• Girls carry 8 gallons of water > bend back

Question 16

Floating School

Answer 16

• Compost Toilets
• Collects Rainwater through sloped roofs
• On stilts to adapt to rising sea levels
• Air Conditioned
• Solar panels solve air pollution, cheap

Question 17

Birmingham’s Importance - SHOPPING

Answer 17

• 34 million yearly to shop
• £150m grand central
• £1.64b spent shopping yearly
• 1000 new jobs created > Grand Central

Question 18

Birmingham’s Importance - Tourism

Answer 18

• 37.2 million visit
• Bull = top 10 most photographed structures in the world

Question 19

Birmingham’s Importance - ARCHITECTURE

Answer 19

• UK Capital of modern architecture.
• Library nominated for a world architecture award

Question 20

Transport - Birmingham’s Importance

Answer 20

• £600m New St
• HS2

Question 21

POSITIVES of Migration Birmingham

Answer 21

• Rich food culture > Balti Triangle
• A range of religion > new architecture and exciting Celebrations like Diwali and Chinese NY
• Tolerance of minority groups

Question 22

Negatives of migration

Answer 22

• Social Segregation
• Crime
• 2005 B’ham Riots

Question 23

Social Opportunities in Birmingham

Answer 23

• Balti Triangle > wide range of cultures
• Lots of museums and theatres, sporting and music venues like NEC
• 5 universities and > 50,000 students

Question 24

Economic Opportunities in Birmingham

Answer 24

• Largest Number of Businesses and Start-Ups outside London
• Excellent transport links to the rest of the UK

Question 25

Environmental Opportunities in B’Ham

Answer 25

• 500 parks, more trees than any city in Europe
• Energy Recovery Facility takes 350,000 tonnes of rubbish per year and converts it into electricity > more sustainable
• Increase in brownfield site investment like the Bull ring > more restaurants

Question 26

Social CHALLENGES Birmingham

Answer 26

• Range of ethnicities are often segregated = social tension
• New houses built on greenfield land > reduces open space

Question 27

Economic Challenges in Birmingham

Answer 27

• Decline of manufacturing leads to rising unemployment, poverty and urban deprivation

Question 28

Environmental Challenges in Birmingham

Answer 28

• 20% of all waste was recycled in Birmingham in 2015
• New houses are built on greenfield, reducing open space
• Declining industry can lead to brownfield development which costs money

Question 29

COMMONWEALTH GAMES

Answer 29

• 4.62 million people
• 4,500 jobs
• £1.2b, £500m construction benefit