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AQA GCSE Geography > Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Economic Development?

A

The process in which people in a country become wealthier, healthier, better educated and have greater access to good quality housing.

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2
Q

Infant mortality rate definition

A

Number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 born

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3
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per women

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4
Q

Stats

Ferility rate in Malawi vs UK

A

5.4 compared to 1.9

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5
Q

stats

Life Expectancy in Malawi vs UK

A

52.3 compared to 80.2

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6
Q

stats

Infant mortality per 1000 live births in Malawi vs UK

A

79 compared to 4.6

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7
Q

Why is it dangerous to use just one indicator to measure a country’s level of development?

A
  • Data may be inaccurate (poorer countries)
  • An average figure may hide huge variations within a country
  • People’s level of development is a combination of factors (health, wealth, education + opportunity)
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8
Q

Human Development Index (HDI) definition:

A

A composite indicator of development (uses multiple indicators)

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9
Q

What does the HDI measure?

A
  • GNI
  • Adult Literacy Rate (%)
  • Life Expectancy
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10
Q

Equation for Population Change -

A

(BR + IR) - (DR + ER)

Birth Rate, Immigration Rate, Death Rate, Emmigration Rate

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11
Q

Stage 1 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • High DR and BR (40 per 1000)
  • No natural increase
  • No current countries
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12
Q

Stage 2 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • High BR at 40 per 1000
  • Falling DR (20 per 1000)
  • So there is natural increase of the population
  • Sierra Leone is an example (LIC)
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13
Q

Stage 3 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • Falling BR to 20 per 1000
  • DR falls further to 10 per 1000
  • So there is still natural increase in the population
  • An example is Brazil (NEE)
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14
Q

Stage 4 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • BR falls to 10 per 1000
  • DR stays constant (10 per 1000)
  • Now there is no natural increase
  • An example is the UK (HIC)
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15
Q

Stage 5 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • BR constant at 10 per 1000
  • DR starts to rise (12 per 1000)
  • No natural increase, instead a decrease
  • Example is Japan
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16
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of the DTM?

A
  • Lack of birth control or family planning leads to very high BR
  • Many children are needed to work on land
  • Disease is rife (bubonic plague) > high DR
  • Little medical science
  • Lots of children die in infancy so parents produce more
  • Poor hygiene and little piped water
  • Famine
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17
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

A
  • Lack of birth control/family planning > high BR
  • Children are needed to work on land
  • Parents produce more children in the hope several survive
  • Sanitation improves > lower death rates
  • Improved medical care
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18
Q

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

A
  • Continued developments in health reduce the DR further
  • Relaxing of religious beliefs > higher use of contraception and abortions
  • Improvements in sanitation and food supply
  • Emancipation of women
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19
Q

What happens in Stage 4 of the DTM?

A
  • Children become more expensive so BR drops more
  • Lower infant mortality rate
  • Steady population
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20
Q

What happens in Stage 5 of the DTM?

A
  • BR drops further as children become more expensive
  • BR falls below an increasing DR
  • Increased desire for material possessions leads to less desire to have children
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21
Q

Population Pyramid Definition -

A

A graph that shows the percentage of males and females within different age groups (cohorts) of the population. When plotted, the graph can reveal many features of the population.

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22
Q

What’s the point of an empire?

A
  • To access raw materials and labour (resource grabbing)
  • To gain power - countries were in competition with each other
  • To build global influence
  • To make money through trading and getting access to new markets.
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23
Q

What happened to colonialism?

A
  • Ended between 1945 and 1960
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24
Q

Problems caused by colonialism ending:

A
  • E.G when the DRC gained freedom from Belgium (14 people had been to uni > power struggle)
  • Conflict
  • Borders redrawn by Europeans > little regard for ethnic groups
  • Stripped of natural resources
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25
Q

Economic reasons for different levels of development - cycle

A
  • The developing world produce low value goods such as food/minerals and clothing
  • The developed world buys low value goods and turns them into high value goods
  • The high value goods are sold to the developing countries at a higher price than they made from selling them
  • The rich get richer, the poor get poorer
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26
Q

Stats

Physical Reasons for different levels of development

A
  • Coastline: 8/15 lowest HDI countries have no coastline
  • Natural Hazards: Port-au-Prince Earthquake in Haiti, causing 230,000 deaths. Since then, the country has struggled to develop
  • Climate: Not too clear. Poor desert countries e.g Chad but some rich e.g Saudi Arabia. Central Africa struggles (rainforests) but Brazil has the 8th largest economy
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27
Q

stats

Disparities in wealth as a result of uneven development:

A
  • Europe, NA, Oceania countries can earn > $35,000 per year e.g UK
  • African countries can earn < $935 per year e.g DRC
  • Saudi is an anomaly due to its large oil reserves
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28
Q

stats

Disparities in health as a result of uneven development globally:

A
  • Infant Mortality Rate of 0-5 per 1000 are NA, Europe, Oceania e.g Canada
  • 100-110: Angola
  • Afghanistan anomaly due to war
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29
Q

Migration definition

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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30
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Where a person chooses to move of their own free will e.g a new job, a better life

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31
Q

Forced Migration -

A

Where a person is forced to leave their country e.g war, natural hazards, religious/racial persecution, famine

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32
Q

Disparities in migration as a result of uneven development:

A
  • 5-10 migrants per 1000 (NA, Europe, Oceania) e.g Germany
  • -5 to -10 per 1000 (Africa, Asia) e.g Algeria
  • Anomaly is Venezuela (-20+) due to an inflation crisis
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33
Q

What is aid?

A

Aid is when a country or organisation donate resources to help a country develop

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34
Q

Short-term aid

A

Any form of aid given that solves immediate problems

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35
Q

Long-term aid

A

Any form of aid that rebuilds the area and people’s lives

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36
Q

Examples of Short-Term Aid

A
  • Food parcels
  • Bottled Water
  • Medical Supplies
  • Old clothing donated by people
  • Money for the government
  • Tents and blankets
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37
Q

Examples of Long-Term Aid

A
  • Seeds, fertilisers and pesticides
  • Tractors and farm machinery
  • Farming tools (spades, hoes, rakes)
  • Building materials and machinery to dig wells to provide clean water
  • Medical supplies
  • Teams of doctors/nurses
  • Teachers to educate people
  • Money for the government
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38
Q

The problems with aid -

A
  • Tied aid - ‘strings’ attached
  • Top-down aid
  • Corrupt governments
  • Not specific
  • Countries become dependent
  • Loans > interest > debt
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39
Q

Top-down aid

A

Projects that are imposed in people from ‘above’

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40
Q

Tied aid

A

Foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and services from the country giving the aid. e.g China giving Sierra Leone an airport in exchange for natural resources

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41
Q

What is appropriate aid?

A
  • small-scale technology
  • simple enough that people can manage it directly and on a local level
  • Makes use of skills and technology that are available locally to supply basic human needs such as gas, electricty, water, food and waste disposal
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42
Q

Appropriate technology success criteria

A
  • Affordable for everyone
  • Local people involved in design/planning
  • Simple to build and use by local people
  • Easy and cheap to repair and maintain
  • Local materials
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43
Q

Problems to overcome when getting access to clean water

A
  • Water is contaminated by sewage, waste products and animal faeces
  • Water takes a long time to collect - people walk many miles and many hours a day
  • Water is not in plentiful supply
  • Many children below 5 die each year as a result of dirty water - either through diarrhoea, dystentry or malaria.
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44
Q

What is rainwater harvesting?

A

Captures and collects rainwater and stores it safely for future use.

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45
Q

Benefits of rainwater harvesting:

A
  • Tank prevents contamination
  • Tanks are cheap
  • Time taken to collect water reduces
  • Spare water can be used to water crops or provide water for cattle
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46
Q

Problem with rainwater harvesting

A

Reliant on the rain

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47
Q

What is a hamd-pumped borehole?

A

A hole in the ground that water is pumped through using a hand-pump which requires no servicing and delivers clean water.

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48
Q

Benefits of a hand-pumped borehole:

A
  • Cheap to install
  • Straightforward to repair - locals can repair it
  • Clean, disease-free water
  • Acts as a village meeting point
  • No environmental impact
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49
Q

Problems with a hand-pumped borehole

A
  • The hole needs to be dug deep enough or the water might run out
  • More expensive than rainwater harvesting
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50
Q

What is a hippo-roller?

A

A simple tool for transporting water from distant watering holes back to homes.

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51
Q

Stats

Benefits of a hippo-roller:

A
  • Simple and easy to use
  • 90L capacity > a 5x increase
  • 30,000 rollers can supply 200,000 people
  • Cheap
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52
Q

Problems with a hippo-roller:

A
  • Water may not be free from contamination or disease.
53
Q

What is a bike-pumped water pump?

A

A pump that is powered by pedalling a bike.

54
Q

How does a bike-powered water pump work?

A
  • Plug a normal bike’s rear wheel to a friction drive connected to a pump
  • The back tire connects with the former armature of the motor
  • The wheels are moved by raw muscle power
55
Q

Benefits of a bike-powered water pump:

A
  • 40L per minute
  • Portable > ride to different wells
  • Quite cheap
  • Speeds up rate of collection
  • No environmental impact
  • Locals are trained to repair the bike pump
56
Q

Problem with a bike-powered water pump:

A

You still have to carry the water

57
Q

How does investment by TNCs aid a country’s development?

A
  • TNCs invest money and skills in LICs
  • This helps with the development of infrastructure e.g roads and power
  • This could improve access to water and electricity
  • This leads to improvements to transport like ports and airports
  • This encourages other businesses to follow
58
Q

An overview of Malaysia

A
  • Since 1970, Malaysia has seen a dramatic growth in its wealth and quality of live of its inhabitants.
  • It’s developed a thriving manufacturing sector. One of the leading products is Proton cars.
  • With the growth of manufacturing comes a skilled work force and a higher quality product which leads to more income from sales and the arrival of foreign TNCs such as Dyson.
59
Q

What have been the BENEFITS of Dyson’s investment for MALAYSIA?

A
  • inward investment helps Malaysia’s development
  • worker’s earnings help to boost the economy, the more they earn the more they spend so more tax is paid
60
Q

What have been the BENEFITS of Dyson’s investment for the UK?

A
  • Dyson’s profits increase
  • Increased corporate taxes mean more money is available for public services in the UK such as health and education.
  • New opportunities for scientists to work for Dyson
61
Q

What have been the COSTS of Dyson’s investment in Malaysia?

A
  • Dyson moving washing machine production to Malaysia lost 65 jobs.
  • Dyson moving vaccum cleaning production where production costs are 30 pence lower lost 800 jobs.
62
Q

Some statistics comparing the UK and Malaysia:

A
  • UK Worker = £9 per hour
  • Malaysian Worker = £3 per hour
  • UK Office Rent = £114 per sq metre
  • Malaysia Office Rent = £38 per sq metre
63
Q

How has Malaysia’s GDP changed since 1965?

A
  • From 1965 to 1985, it rose from 5 billion to 20 billion.
  • By 1995, it was at 100 billion.
  • As of 2015, it’s at 300 billion.
64
Q

How has Malaysia’s GDP per capita changed from 2009 to 2017?

A
  • 2009: £8635.10
  • 2017: £11521.45
65
Q

Positive Multiplier Effect of Industrialisation in Malaysia:

A
  • A factory is built
  • Employment created
  • Which brings higher wages
  • Higher wages generate more taxes
  • Governments can invest more in schools, health and infrastructure
  • Quality of live and the environment improves
  • Entices more companies to invest in the country
66
Q

stats

Tourism in Kenya -

A
  • 1.8 million visited Kenya in 2017
67
Q

Kenya’s tourist attractions:

A
  • Ol Pajeta Rhino Sanctuary
  • Diani Beach
  • Shela Beach in Lamu
  • Mt Kenya (hiking, volcano)
  • Masai Mara - hot air balloon in a safari
  • Tana River - canoeing
68
Q

Advantages of tourism in Kenya -

A
  • Tourism contributes to 12% of Kenya’s GDP
  • It has a warm climate and beautiful scenery
  • 600,000 are employed by tourism (10%)
  • 24 national parks charge entry fees which maintains them and protects wildlife
  • Visa fees cut by 50% in 2009 > easier to visit
  • HDI score risen from 0.45 in 2000 to 0.55
  • In 2014, Kenya earnt more than $450m from tourism
69
Q

Disadvantages of Tourism in Kenya:

A
  • Only a small proportion of the money earned goes to locals
  • Some tribes were forced off the land to create national parks for tourists
  • Tourist vehicles damage the environment e.g destroy vegetation, disturb animals
  • Terror attacks threaten the tourism industry
  • Builiding of hotels, roads, shops damage environment
  • Safari guides using meat to lure animals affects their hunting instincts
70
Q

% of jobs in quaternary sector in UK

A

15%

71
Q

What is the boom in the tertiary and quaternary sector accounted for by a rise in?

A
  • Information Technology
  • Service Industries
  • Finance
  • Research
72
Q

Footloose meaning

A

Industries that don’t need raw materials and make use of information technologies to locate anywhere

73
Q

8 things

Why has the UK become a hub for Research and Development?

A
  • Excellent facilities
  • High skilled labour force
  • Well connected globally
  • Historic links
  • Government initiatives
  • Superb educational institutions
  • Great reputation
  • Good internal infrastructure
74
Q

What are science parks?

A

Areas of industry that have grown up on Greenfield sites outside of major cities around the world.

75
Q

Why is Cambridge a good location for a science park?

A
  • M11 offers a quick route to London
  • Stanstead airport is 30 mins on motorway
  • Close links to Cambridge University, allowing researchers from there to work with researchers from the companies of the Science Park.
76
Q

What work is done at Cambridge Science Park?

A

R+D in pharmaceuticals and micro-electronics

77
Q

Statistics about Cambridge Science Park:

A
  • Created in 1971
  • 1,200 tech firms can be found
  • These employ 35,000 people
  • Phillips provides local investment
78
Q

Issues with traditional industry

A
  • Amazon Warehouse (M1) is visually and air polluting (lorries)
  • Tata steel (Wales) is air, noise and visually polluting
  • The Mill (Corby) is visually polluting
  • Power plant (Nottinghamshire) is air polluting as it burns non-renewable materials
  • Hope Quarry (Derby) is visually and air polluting
  • Oil Rig (North Sea) is visually, air and potentially water polluting (oil spills). Oil is finite.
79
Q

In order to be more sustainable, industries must:

A
  • Be energy efficient
  • Conserve natural resources through recycling
  • Reduce the need for fossil fuels to produce electricity and for transport
  • Reduce waste
  • Be socially sustainable - consideration of staff and their well-being
80
Q

Sustainable features of the Google Landscraper:

A
  • Rooftop garden provides insulation
  • Next to King’s Cross station > less cars
  • Pool, basketball > staff wellbeing
  • A well-connected point in London > accessible
  • Nap room
  • 686 bikes, only 4 car spaces
  • Solar Panels > 20 MWh
  • 7,000 jobs
  • Motorised timber blinds keep the sun out
81
Q

Unsustainable features of Google’s Landscraper:

A
  • £1b
  • Heightens N/S Divide
  • High population density
  • Bad road links
  • Solar panels may be unreliable due to the British weather
  • Adds to public transport
82
Q

Why are rural landscapes changing? - MOBILITY

A
  • improvements in transport have allowed people to live in the countryside and commute to the cities for work.
  • This movement is known as COUNTERURBANISATION
83
Q

Why are rural landscapes changing? - TECHNOLOGY

A
  • many people can work anywhere (footloose) and tend to prefer more rural locations
84
Q

Why are rural landscapes changing? - EMPLOYMENT

A
  • As farming has become more mechanised, and job opportunities limited, the young tend to migrate away to the cities in search of work and university education.
85
Q

Why are rural landscapes changing? - POLLUTION AND STRESS

A
  • Life in cities is increasingly stressful and fast-paced, many retire to the countryside to relax and unwind
86
Q

Why are rural landscapes changing? - HOUSE PRICES

A
  • Many first time buyers cannot afford property in rural areas such as Chipping Campden
87
Q

List six reasons why rural landscapes are changing:

A
  • Mobility
  • Technology
  • Employment
  • Pollution
  • Stress
  • House Prices
88
Q

Why is Honeybourne a growing village?

A
  • Annual population increase of 2.9%
89
Q

Causes of Honeybourne’s Growth

A
  • The village has a main line train station to London Paddington
  • The village has great history with many listed/old buildings
  • Honeybourne has good road links to Evesham and Worcester
  • The location outside the Cotswolds makes housing more affordable
  • A rural setting makes this an inviting environment to live in with less pollution and crime
90
Q

Positive Effects of Honeybourne’s Growth:

A
  • The growing population means that local services get enough income to remain open, such as the 2 pubs
  • Local businesses are thriving and new shops such as the Co-op have been successful
  • Excellent local primary school, however this is bursting at the seams
91
Q

Negative Effects of Honeybourne’s Growth:

A
  • Pollution from increased vehicle use is making air pollution worse
  • Over 2000 people now live in Honeybourne meaning the village is becoming increasingly like a town
  • Many new residents unaware of local cultures so they are increasingly dying out
  • Historic families of the village (mostly farmers) are being priced out due to rising house prices caused by demand.
92
Q

Cycle of Rural Decline:

A
  • People, especially the young, leave for more opportunities in urban areas
  • Employers find it difficult to recruit labour
  • Less investment happens in the area and businesses shut
  • Less money, less employment and fewer people leads to shops and services declining
  • People notice the decline and the lower quality of life
93
Q

Economic Effects of a Declining Population

A
  • Number of school children set to decline which could lead to school closures
  • Fewer people of working age to fill rural jobs e.g on farms
  • UK and Scottish governments provide subsidies towards cost of operating ferries and maintenance of essential services
  • Struggle to maintain economy as fewer customers. Services such as pubs, post offices and banks close down
94
Q

Social Effects of a Declining Population:

A
  • Fewer customers mean that services such as pubs, post offices and banks close down
  • An increasing population with fewer younger people to support them will lead to care issues in the future
  • Local public transport routes shut due to lack of demand, leaving people (especially the elderly) isolated
95
Q

North vs South of England - Life Expectancy, Salary, House Price, Unemployment, Qualified, Population Change

A

Life Expectancy:
- Glasgow = 72.3
- Cornwall = 83.9

Salary:
- Manchester = £26,900
- London = £34,400

House Price:
- Newcastle = £150,000
- Essex = £350,000

Unemployment:
- North-East = 5.9%
- South-East = 3%

% with no qualifications:
- Sparkbrook (Bham) = 37%
- Oxford = 2%

Rise in population:
- North Wales = -4%
- Bristol = +12%

96
Q

Causes of the North-South Divide:

A
  • Deindustrialisation in Northern cities
  • Closure of coal mines in South Wales
  • Isolation from trade partners in Europe
  • Location of prestigious universities in the South (Oxbridge)
  • Lack of investment
  • Poor transport links with South-East
  • Far from government London hub
97
Q

2 ways to reduce the North South Divide

A
  • Northern Powerhouse
  • Assisted Areas
98
Q

What is the Northern Powerhouse?

A
  • A proposal to boost economic growth in the UK by linking the ‘core’ cities of Hull, Sheffield, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle
99
Q

What is Assisted Areas?

A
  • areas of the UK that are economically disadvantaged and therefore qualify for aid.
  • These are areas that contain 30% of the UK’s population
100
Q

3 ideas of Northern Powerhouse

A
  • Improve transport links e.g motorway improvements and HS2
  • Invest in science and innovation e.g Newcastle Science Central
  • Devolve the powers of government (e.g cities have their own elected mayors)
101
Q

Four reasons why UK Infrastructure needs to change:

A
  • Population Growth
  • Changed Industries
  • Global Trade
  • Economic Growth
102
Q

Population Growth: UK Changing Infrastructure

A
  • Population is growing
  • More vehicles
  • More commuters
  • Need for more goods e.g Internet shopping / Amazon
103
Q

Changed Industries: UK Changing Infrastructure

A
  • from industrial to tertiary/quaternary
  • these are ‘footloose’ which means the need for better transport networks
104
Q

Global Trade: UK Changing Infrastructure

A
  • World is more globalised and connected
  • We need to improve our ports in order to import and export goods
105
Q

Economic Growth: UK Changing Infrastructure

A
  • Greater need to connect via air, road and ocean with other countries
106
Q

Statistic: Traffic Jams

A
  • Costed the UK Economy £9 million in wasted time in 2016
107
Q

Statistic: Heathrow

A
  • Heathrow airport is at 98% capacity, with a plane landing and taking off every 29 seconds
108
Q

Statistic: Rail Network

A
  • The UK’s rail network was largely built in the 1800s.
  • It is no longer fit for purpose and leads to overcrowding, delays and slow travel.
109
Q

Describe the UK’s Port Industry (4) With Statistics

A
  • Second largest in Europe
  • 500 million tonnes of freight per year
  • 60 million international and domestic passenger journeys
  • Directly employs 101,000 people
110
Q

Port developments at Liverpool (With Statistics) (6)

A
  • Liverpool 2 is a £400 million project.
  • It expands the UK’s largest transatlantic port and creates one of Europe’s most advanced container terminals.

What did it offer? -
- 3 ship to shore cranes
- 10 cantilever rail mounted gantry cranes
- Can manage unloading of two 380m vessels simultaneously
- More reefer points

111
Q

Benefits of Liverpool Port Development to Region:

A
  • Offers exporters based in the North a more competitive route to international markets, reducing the North/South Divide.
112
Q

Airports’ contributions to UK Economy:

A
  • 2 million tonnes of freight
  • 750,000 flights depart to 400 airports in 114 countries per year
  • 420,000 domestic flights to 60 airports in UK
113
Q

Advantages of Heathrow Expansion:

A
  • Helps London compete with NY and Paris
  • £200 billion boost to UK economy
  • Increase London based employment
  • Keeps London’s place as a leading world city.
114
Q

Disadvantages of Heathrow expansion:

A
  • Already UK’s Largest CO2 emitter
  • Noise pollution for people living near flight path
  • Sipson village destroyed > 700 homes and a graveyard
  • Alternative is expanding Manchester Airport instead
115
Q

Road Improvements in 2014:

A
  • Hard shoulder, used for traffic
  • Technology used to remember congestion levels
116
Q

Benefits / negatives to road improvements

A
  • Congestion Costs £2 billion a year
  • 25% of this resulting from incidents
  • So improving roads reduces incidents and costs
117
Q

SMART Motorways:

A
  • Change speed limit to smooth traffic flow
  • Activate warning signs to alert you to traffic jams and hazards
  • Close lanes to let emergency vehicles through
118
Q

Advantages of SMART Motorways:

A
  • Increased road capacity
  • Less cost
  • Just as safe
  • Hard shoulder can be opened to traffic
119
Q

Disadvantages of SMART Motorways:

A
  • Lack of safety due to no hard shoulder for broken down vehicles
  • Speed at which emergency services can respond if all lanes are used for traffic
  • Money-making scam? Speed cameras are often fitted to overhead gantries, catching people to exceed the speed limit which may be lower than what it should be
120
Q

Railway Improvements:

A
  • HS2
  • HS3 to link Manchester and Leeds
121
Q

Describe HS2:

A
  • B’Ham to London in 48 mins
  • Manchester to London in 1hr 9 mins
  • This links the Midlands to London and the north more easily
122
Q

Advantages of HS2:

A
  • B’Ham to London is 48 mins
  • Manchester to London is 1hr 9 mins
  • £40 billion to UK Economy
  • Increases number of rail passengers which lowers pollution and ensures the UK meets its emission targets, saving further money in the future
123
Q

Disadvantages of HS2:

A
  • County Councils e.g Oxfordshire don’t want the site to run through their counties
  • Purchasing of homes near/on the line e.g 200 new homes in Yorkshire
  • Only major cities are connected so people still need to drive or use slower trains to reach major stations
124
Q

Factors Influencing UK’s Place in the wider world

A
  • Historic Links - Commonwealth
  • Economic/Geopolitical Links: The EU
  • Transport Connections
  • Trade Links
  • Communication Connections
125
Q

Historic Links:

A
  • The Commonwealth contains 54 nations
  • Combined Population of 2.4 Billion
126
Q

Impact of historical connections of culture:

A
  • Spreading of UK and other cultures creates more varied and interesting societies
  • Some issue with the eroding of local cultures caused by so much mixing of different cultures
  • Large numbers of commonwealth migrants mean cultural events (e.g. Notting hill carnival) occur in the UK
  • Food from former commonwealth nations is still common in the UK (E.g. Birmingham’s Balti Triangle)
  • Religion (especially Hinduism and Sikhism) has shaped parts of the UK, including the construction of religious buildings
127
Q

Impact on Trade - historical connections

A
  • Still economic connections via financial institutions which have offices in former commonwealth nations like HSBC
  • Brands based in commonwealth nations still invest in the UK (e.g. Indian firm Tata buying Jaguar Land Rover)
  • Easy to trade, especially services (e.g. call centres) due to many people still speaking English in former commonwealth nations
  • Have been issues at times when relationship between UK and former commonwealth nations have soured in getting necessary resources from them
  • Strong trade relationships exist especially for goods requiring a particular climate (e.g. Tea from India and fruit / veg from parts of Africa)
128
Q

What impact did the EU have on trade and migration?

A
  • EU Citizens were free to live, retire and work in any other EU country
  • This has led to an influx of migrants to fill gaps in the UK’s employment structure like the Polish in the care sector
  • We enjoyed free trade when trading with EU patterns which makes goods cheaper and easier to import/export
  • Many UK Citizens have migrated:
    E.g Spain 761,000
    Ireland 291,000
129
Q

Impact of Brexit

A
  • UK stopped following EU rules > new arrangements for travel, trade, immigration and security co-operation

AQA GCSE Geography (15 decks)

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