Paper 1 Case Studies

Question 1

Typhoon Haiyan secondary effects

Answer 1

1. Flooding > triggered landslides, blocked roads and delayed aid.
2. 5.6 million lost their jobs.
3. Lack of clean water caused disease like dysentery.

Question 1

Primary Effects - Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 1

1. 8000 killed.
2. 1 million homes were destroyed or damaged.
3. 1.9 million homeless.
4. Electricity lines, water supplies were contaminated with salt water.
5. Floods of 600,000 hectares of farmland.
6. 13 million dollars damage.

Question 2

Immediate response to typhoon Haiyan

Answer 2

1. Warnings broadcast 2 days before. 800000 could evacuate.
2. Fisher men didn’t go to sea.
3. State of emergency, charities offered aid
4. Pit latrines for 100000 to help prevent disease

Question 3

LT responses to typhoon Haiyan

Answer 3

1. UN appealed for 300 million dollars to help fund rebuilding and relief.
2. Storm-resistant houses built by charities.
3. Tourism board encouraged people to visit, helped fund the rebuilding process

Question 4

Constructive example

Answer 4

e.g Mid Atlantic Ridge

Question 5

Destructive case study

Answer 5

Nazca plate subducted under the South American plate

Question 6

Conservative plate boundary case study

Answer 6

San Andreas Fault in California.

Question 7

Primary Effects of Christchurch Earthquake

Answer 7

1. 181 killed, 2000 injured.
2. 50% + of Central City buildings severely damaged inc the cathedral which lost its spire.
3. Hundreds of km of water and sewage pipes were damaged.
4. Liquefaction (where the ground gets saturated and loses strength) caused damage to roads and buildings.
5. 20 football fields worth of the country’s longest glacier was broken off, creating a large iceberg.

Question 8

Primary effects of Haiti earthquake

Answer 8

1. 316,000 killed, 1 million homeless. 3 million affected.
2. 250,000 homes, 30,00 other buildings (50% of government buildings inc president palace) were destroyed or damaged.
3. 50 hospitals and 1300 schools, airport control tower damaged.
4. Hospitals became full, bodies on streets.
5. Transport/communication links were damaged.
6. Prison destroyed, 4,000 inmates escaped

Question 9

Secondary effects of Christchurch

Answer 9

1. Schools had to share classrooms.
2. Mental health.
3. Business were out of action > less income and jobs.
4. Christchurch no longer held Rugby WC matches > lose income and tourism.

Question 10

Secondary effects of Haiti

Answer 10

1. Diseases were rife e.g cholera.
2. 1/5 lost jobs.
3. Difficult to get aid into the area because of airport issues and poor management.
4. People squashed into shanty towns/streets leading to poor sanitation and health.

Question 11

Immediate response of Christchurch

Answer 11

1. Volunteers searched for survivors in the rubble.
2. Temp housing provided.
3. Damaged housing kept water tight.
4. NZ Red Cross provided first aid and distributed 1800 blankets, 2000 water containers and 200 tents

Question 12

Immediate response of Haiti

Answer 12

1. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) provided 200000 dollars in emergency aid.
2. 4.3 million provided with food rations.
3. 810,000 placed in aid camps.

Question 13

LT response of Christchurch

Answer 13

1. 898 million dollars in building claims.
2. 80% of roads and 50% footpaths repaired by August (6 months).
3. Chemical toilets provided for 30,000.

Question 14

LT response of Haiti

Answer 14

1. Water/sanitation for 1.7 million.
2. 1 million without a home so in aid camp.
3. 70% took part in cash/food-for-work projects.

Question 15

Why do people choose to live near hazardous areas?

Answer 15

1. Earthquakes/volcanoes don’t happen often, not a threat.
2. Better building design can withstand earthquakes so people feel less at risk.
3. People receive warnings before a disaster happens.
4. Fault lines associated with earthquakes allow water supplies to reach the surface.
5. Volcanoes have fertile soil, rocks, rich mineral deposits and hot water.
6. Some may not be aware of the risks.
7. Plate margins coincide with favourable settlement areas e.g ports on coasts.
8. People in poverty have other things to think about - money, food, security, family

Question 16

Why’s the Amazon being cut down

Answer 16

Commercial farming (cattle ranching + grazing, soy. Subsistence farming (indigenous people, families). Commercial logging (mahogany is valuable). Mineral extraction (gold, iron ore and copper). Energy development (building hydroelectric dams). Population growth (people are being offered land when they immigrate). Road building (trans Amazonian highway)

Question 17

Impacts of deforestation

Answer 17

CLIMATE CHANGE - Amazon stores 140 billion tonnes of CO2. Deforestation releases some CO2 (75% of brazils emissions).

SOIL EROSION - lose up to 100 tonnes of top soil every year - lead to landslides and flooding. Less interception, reduces soil fertility when water reaches the soil - nutrients are washed.

ECONOMIC - Farming brought wealth to Brazil. (600 million from beef). Mining creates jobs. Logging contributes, but destroys resources e.g timber.

Question 18

How can rainforests be managed?

Answer 18

Selective logging, replanting, ecotourism, education, reducing debt, conservation, international hardwood agreements

Question 19

Development Opportunities in Alaska -

Answer 19

1. Energy - oil + gas, (trans-Alaskan pipeline).
2. Mineral resources (gold, silver, iron ore). 154 million of gold in 2015.
3. Fishing 1.7 billion valuation.
4. Tourism brings in 2.5 billion

Question 20

Challenges to development in Alaska

Answer 20

1. Extreme temp - cold, strong winds, snow daylight hours vary.
2. Inaccessibility - long way from anywhere. Mountainous terrain. In winter, you can only travel through ice roads or air. In summer, roads are too soft.
3. Buildings - safe buildings are expensive.
   Work only takes place in summer.
   Trans-Alaskan pipeline is on stilts to prevent it melting the permafrost layer which would make the ground unstable

Question 21

Why are cold environments worth conserving?

Answer 21

1. Provide habitats for organisms.
2. Scientists can study them to get knowledge.
3. Can help scientists to replicate conditions on managed ecosystems which can preserve rare species

Question 22

Why are cold environments fragile?

Answer 22

1. Plant growth is slow
2. Species are highly specialised, so find it difficult to adapt to change.

Question 23

Strategies to help Cold environments

Answer 23

1. Governments can pass laws to protect designated wilderness areas from development.
2. Some cold environments are protected by international agreements. Allows tourism but not harmful.
3. Modern construction methods can minimise environmental impacts.
4. Conservation groups pressure governments to protect cold environments. Leads to sustainable development