paper 2: 2.3 resource management Flashcards
types of natural resources
4
- biotic
- abiotic
- non-renewable- take millions of years to form (coal, oil and gas)
- renewable- can be naturally replenished (wind, solar, and hydro-electric power)
impacts of human exploitations
4
- deforestation
- overfishing
- oil extraction- tosic water pollutes rivers that indegenous people rely on for washing, cooking and fishing
- farming- intensively reduces biodiversity
give examples of natural resources around the world
3
- coal (in sedimentary rocks) in USA
- gold (past tectonically active) in australia
- copper in huge reserves in south america along with south africa
- what is high in the north and west
- what is common in the north and west along with upland areas
- percipitation
- hill sheep farming
- characteristics of east anglia (3)
- what is it perfect for
- warm summers, flatter land and fertile soils
- arable farming
what is extracted from the north sea
2
- oil
- gas
energy usage and consumption are not evenly distributed
where is energy usage the highest and the lowest
- higher in more devloped countries, rising in china and india
- low in less developed countries
energy usage and consumption are not evenly distributed
where is food consumption the highest and the lowest
- higher in developed countries like USA
- lower in many african countries
energy usage and consumption are not evenly distributed
where is food consumption the highest and the lowest
- more in more developed countries
- lower in less developed countries
water resource management
- what %of water is salty
- what % of water is locked up in ice
- what % of water is available for 7 billion people
- 97%
- 2%
- 1%
water resource management
- where is the greatest availability of freshwater per person
- canada and iceland
- north africa is lacking
why is there uneven distribution of water globally
2 reasons
- different amount of percipitation
- different rates of evaporation and transpiration
which areas recieve more rainfall then they lose
2
- TRF
- mountains
- where area recieves the least amount of rainfall
- why?
- north africa (sahel region)
- ## low percipitation and highest rate of evaporation causing a water deficit
compare UK’s water per person
- southern england has less water per person than north and less water per person than spain
- where has water consumption risen
- over how many years
- asia
- 50 years
which continents have experienced: water consumption
- increase at a slower rate
- gradual increase
- lowest increase
- north america, europe
- africa, south america
- oceania, australia
factors contributing to the global increase in water consumption
5
- greater water usage in machinery as mechanisation increases
-** labour saving** technology (dishwashers) - watering gardens and luxuries such as hot tubs and swimming pools
- regular use of showers (showering society)
- increased leisure and tourism (spas, waterparks and golf courses).
china’s water usage
3 %’s
- 65% in agriculture
- 23% in industry
- 12 % domestically
different usages of water
3
- agriculture- (developed) japan
- industry- (emerging) china
- domestic- (developing)
different uses of water (agriculture)
- (developed) japan, irrigation is more efficient, less waste throigh evaporation as sprinklers and drip irrigation that waters crops with the correct amount of water
different uses of water (industry)
- TNCs move their factories to (emerging) china, water usage increases rapidly.
- developed countries use millions of litres of water in manufacturing industries.
- developing countries use very little water as industry is small-scale
different uses of water (domestic)
- developed countries have piped water to supple baths, showers, toilets, washing machines and dishwasher
- many homes in developing countries don’t have piped water and in some parts of countries water is collected by women and children at communal taps
3 main reasons the uk has water supply problems
- supply and demand
- a seasonal imbalance
- ageing infrastructure
the uk’s water supply problems
- supply and demand
supply and demand are uneven. most rainfall falls in the mountains of scotland and wales, but demand is higher in south and east of england where there are more people.
the uk’s water supply problems
- a seasonal imbalance
water is needed in the summer months for irrigation but rainfall is usually greater in the winter. however, dry winters can lead to reservoir levels falling and drought the following summer
the uk’s water supply problems
- ageing infrastructure
the uk has thousand of km of pipes that bring us water from reservoirs and groundwater supplies. however, they are now old, and leaks mean losing water
name 3 developing/emerging water supply problems
- untreated water
- water pollution
- low annual rainfall
developing/emerging water supply problems
- untreated water
over 2 billion people do not have access to adequate sanitation meaning water sources are polluted by human causing diseases such as cholera and typhoid
developing/emerging water supply problems
- water pollution
the use of fertilisers and pesticides pollute water, making it unsafe to drink. mining also pollutes water supplies. in 2006, a copper mine in Zambia caused serious health problems and was shut down
developing/emerging water supply problems
- low annual rainfall
the sahel region frequently suffers from drought. the countries of burkina faso, chad, mali, mauritania, niger and senegal cannot store water because of high rates of evaporation causing water scarcity.
solutions to water stress and water scarcity
2 solutions and their disadvantages
- desalination- has major environmental impacts
- reliable supplies of water- expensive and environmental impacts
- how many countries does desalination help
- its disadvantages
+ over 100 countries
- not efficient (converting only half of what comes in)
- the waste product is very salty water
- sea life can be killed by desalination plants
- desalination plants use a lot of energy
- it is very expensive to develop desalination plants.
problems of technological solutions
3
- complications
- conflict
- environmental impact
individual response to managing water sustainably
- people in nevada are changing personal consumption, eg. by xeriscaping (replacing grass with rocky soils and planting desert plants like cactus that requires less water) whilst others still keep their grass.
organisational response to managing water sustainably
- some organisations operting casinos in las vegas, nevada (for example, the bellagio hotel and casinos) have sustainable practices, including recycling wastewater.
governenmtal response to managing water sustainably
-
