paper 2: 2.2 global development Flashcards
what is development and how can it be measured
3
- it is a improvement in a country’s economy and quality of life
- economic indicators
- social indicators
- political indicators
name economic indicators
2
- gross domestic product
- income
name social indicators
2
- life expectany
- literacy rate
name a political indicator
1
corruption perception index
factors contributing to the human development of a country are
5 and say what they are
- economic- income, economic growth, types of industry, cost of living and employment rates.
- social- access to healthcare, education, housing, recreation and leisure.
- cultural- democracy and work-life balance
- technological- internet access, mechanisation and electricity
- food and water security- physical and economic access to food and water.
development indicators include and what are they
3 indicators
- GDP- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
- HDI- includes GDP per capita, life expectancy, mean years of schooling and income
- corruption perception index- grades the equality of governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’.
how is development spread globally
3
- uneven
- higher development in the northern hemisphere and australia (above brandt line).
- lower development in the southern hemisphere (below the brandt line).
how does development vary within the uk
2
- the SE and london generally have higher wages and quality of life, however london has a homeless population.
- NW has a lower population
what type of factors affect development globally
4 factors
- physical factors- availability of natural resources, natural hazards, landlocked, climate
- historical factors- colonial links and trading relationships
- economic factors- type of economy and debt
- social factors- investment in health and education
what type of factors affect development across the UK
3 factors
- physical factors- remoteness or accessibility, altitude and industrial potential
- historical factors- impacts of deindustrialisation
- economic factors- employment rates and salaries, house prices and infrastructure.
consequences of uneven development
6 consequences
- health
- education
- employment
- food and water security
- housing
- technology
how does the difference in healthcare lead to uneven development around the world
healthcare is usually limited in developing nations where there are a fewer doctors per person and poor families.
how does the difference in education lead to uneven development around the world
not all children attend school, which leads to lower literacy rates and sometimes earlier marriage.
how does the difference in employment opportunities lead to uneven development around the world
wages in developing countries are lower and more labour intensive - many jobs exist in the informal sector (street stalls)
how does the difference in food and water security lead to uneven development around the world
a lack of clean water means that people struggle to grow food, leading to malnutrition and dehydration
how does difference in housing lead to uneven development around the world
many people in the developing world cannot afford housing and are forced to live in unplanned settlements where a lack of sanitation causes diseases to spread
how does difference in technological advancements lead to uneven development around the world
few people have the skills to use technology so appropriate can be more effective
strategies to address uneven development
how does international aid help reduce uneven development
it involves one country voluntarily providing resources to another, such as machinery or oil, or money to invest in infrastruture amd industry.
strategies to address uneven development
how does trade agreements help reduce uneven development
removing tariffs (tax barriers) can reduce uneven development by helping countries increase trade
strategies to address uneven development
how does fair trade help reduce uneven development
producers work more directly with retailers, getting a better price for their goods
strategies to address uneven development
how does foreign direct investment help reduce uneven development
TNCs invest pushing up wages and bringing in investment to the developing country. however, the big brands can outsell local produce and often there is lack of regulation.
what is top down development
4
- government-run and TNCs.
- large-scale projects
- expensive
- require expertise
positives and negatives of top-down development
2 positives and 3 negatives
+ open investment (+)
+ benfit large number of people (+)
- local people may not benefit (-)
- TNC wages are often low (-)
- local people may be displaced (-)
what is bottom-up development
4
- communities
- local/small-scale
- cheap
- appropriate for the use of local people
positives and negatives of bottom-up development
2 positives and 3 negatives
+ they target local needs like wells (+)
+ cheaper (+)
- slow (-)
- small-scale (-)
- reliant on NGO support and solutions (-)
tanzania
regional context
4
- east of burundi
- south-west of kenya
- north east of zambia
- north of mozambique
tanzania
global context
4
- south of europe
- south east of north america
- east of south america
- south west of asia
tanzania
social context
3
- population of 50 million
- poorest country in the world
- 90% live in rural areas
tanzania
political context
2
- dodoma is the new capital
- it was a germany colony until until WW1, then became a british colony.
tanzania
cultural context
3
- muslims and christians
- swahili and english
- spicy cuisine
tanzania
environmental context
4
- mt.kilimanjaro
- dense forests
- mountains
- 3 lakes
tanzania
why is there different rates of development in core and periphery regions
4
- TNCs invested in dar es salaam as there was good infrastructure
- schools and healthcare in core regions has recieved more investment
- port in Dar es Salaam ($305 m given)
- kagera rely on agriculture
tanzania
positive and negative impacts of changes in the PRIMARY sector
2 positives and 2 negatives
- aid is given to farmers for irrigation (+)
- mining, oil and gas has brought FDI (+)
- low crop yields due to drought (-)
- farming methods are out date (-)
tanzania
positive and negative impacts of changes in the SECONDARY sector
2 positives and 3 negatives
- GDP of this sector is increasing (+)
- increase in manufacturing so more money (+)
- only 5% of people work here (-)
- FDI is needed for training (-)
- produces low value goods (-)
tanzania
positive and negative impacts of changes in the TERTIARY sector
3 positives and 1 negative
- now a small middle class (+)
- higher paid jobs (+)
- more jobs in healthcare (+)
- more highly paid require specialist training (-)
tanzania
positive and negative impacts of changes in the QUATERNARY sector
1 positive and 1 negative
- communication and financial service sector is fast growing (+)
- highly skilled people only (-)
tanzania
which countries do tanzania import from
3
china, switzerland and UAE
tanzania
which countries do tanzania export to
3
china, south africa, switzerland
tanzania
what are its main exports
3
- tanzanite
- gold
- diamond
tanzania
does tanzania benefit from trade
no, as it imports more than it exports.
tanzania
main donors of aid and how much in million
- USA- $800
- UK- $300
- japan- $180
tanzania
how has investment changed
public to private investments, but can’t own land only rent for 99 years.
tanzania
how has the population structure changed
- base has decreased due to lower birth rate (contraception widely available)
- top has increased due to better healthcare and higher life expectancy
- middle has increased due to low death rate
tanzania
how has inequality increased
- one way it is reduced
there are growing differences between the rich and poor
- free education up to 11 years.
tanzania
how has the growth of the middle class helped
they have more disposable income so can pay taxes meaning more money for the government
tanzania
how has education improved
improved in places like Dar es Salaam where there is more investment.
tanzania
how has foreign policy military pacts affected developments (Rwanda)
- refugees from rwanda cause a strain on services = so more money needed to house these people
tanzania
how has defence affected development
- no proper army so vulnerable and less FDI
- university students are forced to go to the army first so middle class leave for the UK.
tanzania
how has territorial disputes affected development
dispute with malawi over lake nyasa which has oil under it = so more money spent on conflict instead of healthcare/education.
tanzania
how has technology and connectivity support development
3 positives and 2 negatives
- improves communication (+)
- improves link between countries (+)
- improves businesses (+)
- technology divide- poorest miss out (-)
- powercuts (-)
tanzania
social impacts of rapid development
2 positives, 3 negatives, 1 both
- all children have access to primary school (+)
- improvement in life expectancy (+)
- 50% have access to clean water (+/-)
- rural areas don’t benefit (-)
- 40% jobs are not filled in healthcare (-)
- some still live in poverty (-)
tanzania
economical impacts of rapid development
3 postives and 1 negative
- FDI is increasing (+)
- GDP increasingly significant (+)
- strong banking, telecommunication sectors- good for trade (+)
- inequality - richest 20% consumed 42% of the wealth while poorest 20% consumed 7%.
tanzania
environmental impacts of rapid development
- improved electricity so less deforestation (+)
- gold mining can lead to toxins in the water supply (-)
- fertilisers- eutrophication (-)
- less overgrazing (-)
- deforestation (-)
