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geography > paper 2: 2.2 global development > Flashcards

paper 2: 2.2 global development Flashcards

1
Q

what is development and how can it be measured

3

A
  • it is a improvement in a country’s economy and quality of life
  • economic indicators
  • social indicators
  • political indicators
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2
Q

name economic indicators

2

A
  • gross domestic product
  • income
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3
Q

name social indicators

2

A
  • life expectany
  • literacy rate
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4
Q

name a political indicator

1

A

corruption perception index

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5
Q

factors contributing to the human development of a country are

5 and say what they are

A
  • economic- income, economic growth, types of industry, cost of living and employment rates.
  • social- access to healthcare, education, housing, recreation and leisure.
  • cultural- democracy and work-life balance
  • technological- internet access, mechanisation and electricity
  • food and water security- physical and economic access to food and water.
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6
Q

development indicators include and what are they

3 indicators

A
  • GDP- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
  • HDI- includes GDP per capita, life expectancy, mean years of schooling and income
  • corruption perception index- grades the equality of governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’.
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7
Q

how is development spread globally

3

A
  • uneven
  • higher development in the northern hemisphere and australia (above brandt line).
  • lower development in the southern hemisphere (below the brandt line).
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8
Q

how does development vary within the uk

2

A
  • the SE and london generally have higher wages and quality of life, however london has a homeless population.
  • NW has a lower population
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9
Q

what type of factors affect development globally

4 factors

A
  • physical factors- availability of natural resources, natural hazards, landlocked, climate
  • historical factors- colonial links and trading relationships
  • economic factors- type of economy and debt
  • social factors- investment in health and education
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10
Q

what type of factors affect development across the UK

3 factors

A
  • physical factors- remoteness or accessibility, altitude and industrial potential
  • historical factors- impacts of deindustrialisation
  • economic factors- employment rates and salaries, house prices and infrastructure.
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11
Q

consequences of uneven development

6 consequences

A
  • health
  • education
  • employment
  • food and water security
  • housing
  • technology
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12
Q

how does the difference in healthcare lead to uneven development around the world

A

healthcare is usually limited in developing nations where there are a fewer doctors per person and poor families.

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13
Q

how does the difference in education lead to uneven development around the world

A

not all children attend school, which leads to lower literacy rates and sometimes earlier marriage.

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14
Q

how does the difference in employment opportunities lead to uneven development around the world

A

wages in developing countries are lower and more labour intensive - many jobs exist in the informal sector (street stalls)

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15
Q

how does the difference in food and water security lead to uneven development around the world

A

a lack of clean water means that people struggle to grow food, leading to malnutrition and dehydration

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16
Q

how does difference in housing lead to uneven development around the world

A

many people in the developing world cannot afford housing and are forced to live in unplanned settlements where a lack of sanitation causes diseases to spread

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17
Q

how does difference in technological advancements lead to uneven development around the world

A

few people have the skills to use technology so appropriate can be more effective

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18
Q

strategies to address uneven development

how does international aid help reduce uneven development

A

it involves one country voluntarily providing resources to another, such as machinery or oil, or money to invest in infrastruture amd industry.

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19
Q

strategies to address uneven development

how does trade agreements help reduce uneven development

A

removing tariffs (tax barriers) can reduce uneven development by helping countries increase trade

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20
Q

strategies to address uneven development

how does fair trade help reduce uneven development

A

producers work more directly with retailers, getting a better price for their goods

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21
Q

strategies to address uneven development

how does foreign direct investment help reduce uneven development

A

TNCs invest pushing up wages and bringing in investment to the developing country. however, the big brands can outsell local produce and often there is lack of regulation.

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22
Q

what is top down development

4

A
  • government-run and TNCs.
  • large-scale projects
  • expensive
  • require expertise
23
Q

positives and negatives of top-down development

2 positives and 3 negatives

A

+ open investment (+)
+ benfit large number of people (+)
- local people may not benefit (-)
- TNC wages are often low (-)
- local people may be displaced (-)

24
Q

what is bottom-up development

4

A
  • communities
  • local/small-scale
  • cheap
  • appropriate for the use of local people
25
Q

positives and negatives of bottom-up development

2 positives and 3 negatives

A

+ they target local needs like wells (+)
+ cheaper (+)
- slow (-)
- small-scale (-)
- reliant on NGO support and solutions (-)

26
Q

tanzania

regional context

4

A
  • east of burundi
  • south-west of kenya
  • north east of zambia
  • north of mozambique
27
Q

tanzania

global context

4

A
  • south of europe
  • south east of north america
  • east of south america
  • south west of asia
28
Q

tanzania

social context

3

A
  • population of 50 million
  • poorest country in the world
  • 90% live in rural areas
29
Q

tanzania

political context

2

A
  • dodoma is the new capital
  • it was a germany colony until until WW1, then became a british colony.
30
Q

tanzania

cultural context

3

A
  • muslims and christians
  • swahili and english
  • spicy cuisine
31
Q

tanzania

environmental context

4

A
  • mt.kilimanjaro
  • dense forests
  • mountains
  • 3 lakes
32
Q

tanzania

why is there different rates of development in core and periphery regions

4

A
  • TNCs invested in dar es salaam as there was good infrastructure
  • schools and healthcare in core regions has recieved more investment
  • port in Dar es Salaam ($305 m given)
  • kagera rely on agriculture
33
Q

tanzania

positive and negative impacts of changes in the PRIMARY sector

2 positives and 2 negatives

A
  • aid is given to farmers for irrigation (+)
  • mining, oil and gas has brought FDI (+)
  • low crop yields due to drought (-)
  • farming methods are out date (-)
34
Q

tanzania

positive and negative impacts of changes in the SECONDARY sector

2 positives and 3 negatives

A
  • GDP of this sector is increasing (+)
  • increase in manufacturing so more money (+)
  • only 5% of people work here (-)
  • FDI is needed for training (-)
  • produces low value goods (-)
35
Q

tanzania

positive and negative impacts of changes in the TERTIARY sector

3 positives and 1 negative

A
  • now a small middle class (+)
  • higher paid jobs (+)
  • more jobs in healthcare (+)
  • more highly paid require specialist training (-)
36
Q

tanzania

positive and negative impacts of changes in the QUATERNARY sector

1 positive and 1 negative

A
  • communication and financial service sector is fast growing (+)
  • highly skilled people only (-)
37
Q

tanzania

which countries do tanzania import from

3

A

china, switzerland and UAE

38
Q

tanzania

which countries do tanzania export to

3

A

china, south africa, switzerland

39
Q

tanzania

what are its main exports

3

A
  • tanzanite
  • gold
  • diamond
40
Q

tanzania

does tanzania benefit from trade

A

no, as it imports more than it exports.

41
Q

tanzania

main donors of aid and how much in million

A
  • USA- $800
  • UK- $300
  • japan- $180
42
Q

tanzania

how has investment changed

A

public to private investments, but can’t own land only rent for 99 years.

43
Q

tanzania

how has the population structure changed

A
  • base has decreased due to lower birth rate (contraception widely available)
  • top has increased due to better healthcare and higher life expectancy
  • middle has increased due to low death rate
44
Q

tanzania

how has inequality increased
- one way it is reduced

A

there are growing differences between the rich and poor
- free education up to 11 years.

45
Q

tanzania

how has the growth of the middle class helped

A

they have more disposable income so can pay taxes meaning more money for the government

46
Q

tanzania

how has education improved

A

improved in places like Dar es Salaam where there is more investment.

47
Q

tanzania

how has foreign policy military pacts affected developments (Rwanda)

A
  • refugees from rwanda cause a strain on services = so more money needed to house these people
48
Q

tanzania

how has defence affected development

A
  • no proper army so vulnerable and less FDI
  • university students are forced to go to the army first so middle class leave for the UK.
49
Q

tanzania

how has territorial disputes affected development

A

dispute with malawi over lake nyasa which has oil under it = so more money spent on conflict instead of healthcare/education.

50
Q

tanzania

how has technology and connectivity support development

3 positives and 2 negatives

A
  • improves communication (+)
  • improves link between countries (+)
  • improves businesses (+)
  • technology divide- poorest miss out (-)
  • powercuts (-)
51
Q

tanzania

social impacts of rapid development

2 positives, 3 negatives, 1 both

A
  • all children have access to primary school (+)
  • improvement in life expectancy (+)
  • 50% have access to clean water (+/-)
  • rural areas don’t benefit (-)
  • 40% jobs are not filled in healthcare (-)
  • some still live in poverty (-)
52
Q

tanzania

economical impacts of rapid development

3 postives and 1 negative

A
  • FDI is increasing (+)
  • GDP increasingly significant (+)
  • strong banking, telecommunication sectors- good for trade (+)
  • inequality - richest 20% consumed 42% of the wealth while poorest 20% consumed 7%.
53
Q

tanzania

environmental impacts of rapid development

A
  • improved electricity so less deforestation (+)
  • gold mining can lead to toxins in the water supply (-)
  • fertilisers- eutrophication (-)
  • less overgrazing (-)
  • deforestation (-)

geography (6 decks)

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