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geography > paper 1: 1.1 the changing landscapes of UK > Flashcards

paper 1: 1.1 the changing landscapes of UK Flashcards

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1
Q

how are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks formed?

A

sedimentary- formed in layers
igneous- magma
metamorphic- extreme heat and pressure

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2
Q

examples of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

A

sedimentary - sandstone, chalk, limestone
igneous - granite and basalt
metamorphic - slate and schist

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3
Q

which sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks have crystals or fossils

A

sedimentary - fossils
igneous - formed of crystals
metamorphic - deformed fossils

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4
Q

where are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks located in the UK?

A

sedimentary - south-east
igneous - north-west
metamorphic - north-west

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5
Q

are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks located in upland or lowland areas

A

sedimentary - lowland
igneous - upland
metamorphic - upland

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6
Q

tectonic plate action in the uk

A

plate movements caused mountains (folds) and faults in the rocks

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7
Q

what does glacial erosion and deposition cause?

A

erosion carve out corries and u-shaped valleys

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8
Q

weathering- what does freeze-thaw form

A

it breaks off rocks, which forms scree slopes

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9
Q

climate of the UK in urban Places

A

high levels of precipitation causes high levels of surface runoff over impermeable surfaces

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10
Q

how does river erosion form uk landscapes

A

meandering rivers erode wide valleys

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11
Q

how does river deposition form uk landscapes

A

forming floodplains and levees

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12
Q

slope processes

A

mass movement (landslides) and soil creep (gradual movement downhill) cause cliffs to collapse

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13
Q

how have farming changed landscapes

A

hill sheep farming in upland areas and arable farming in fertile lowlands

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14
Q

How has forestry changed landscapes

A
  • upland landscapes have been planted with trees for forestry
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15
Q

how have settlements changed landscapes

4

A
  • deforestration
  • wetlands are drained
  • valleys are flooded to create reservoirs
  • more surface runoff due to more impermeable surfaces
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16
Q

what is weathering

A

the breaking down of rocks in situ

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17
Q

name the three types of weathering and their examples

A

chemical - acid rain
mechanical/physical - freeze-thaw weathering
biological- animals burrowing

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18
Q

What is Mass Movement, give two examples.

A

the downhill movement of mass due to gravity
sliding and slumping

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19
Q

types of erosion

A
  • hydraulic action
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • solution
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20
Q

types of transportation

A
  • traction
  • suspension
  • saltation
  • solution
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21
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

longshore drift is the process by which sediment is transported up the beach (swash) at an angle (direction of the prevailing wind) and straight down the beach at right angles due to gravity (backwash)

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22
Q

what does deposition do to coasts and what type of waves

A

builds up the coast as the wave loses energy, mostly when constructive waves are present

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23
Q

what are concordant coasts

A

same type of rock parallel to the coasts

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24
Q

what are discordant coasts and what do they form

A

alternating bands of different types of rock perpendicular to the coast, forms headlands and bays.

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25
Q

what are joints and faults and what is there effect on the rate of erosion

A

joints are smaller cracks, while faults are much larger weaknesses
more likely to erode quickly

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26
Q

what type of energy do constructive and destructive waves have and when do they form

A

constructive waves have lower energy and form in calmer conditions, while destructive waves have higher energy and form in stormy conditions

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27
Q

what does constructive waves do to the coast

A

builds up the coast by depositing materials

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28
Q

when do destructive waves occur and is the swash or backwash stronger

A

they occur when there is a longer fetch and stronger wind has been blowing for a great amount of time
the swash is weak and the backwash is strong.

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29
Q

how does the uk’s seasonality affect coastal erosion

A

colder temperatures leads to freeze-thaw weathering to happen at a faster rate and stronger waves accelerate coastal erosion

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30
Q

what type of winds and waves does the storm frequency provide coasts with?

A

stronger winds and destructive waves

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31
Q

what does heavy rainfall do, what 3 landforms can change

A

saturates cliffs and causes slumping
spits, sand dunes and beaches

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32
Q

which direction does UK’s prevailing winds come from, name one characteristic, where does it comes from

A

south-west
carries warm, moist air
over the Atlantic ocean

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33
Q

where do headlands and bays form

A

discordant coasts

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34
Q

name a hard and soft rock that forms headlands and bays

A

more resistant rock like chalk protrudes out to the sea forming headlands while less resistant rock like sand and clay erode more quickly forming bays

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35
Q

how does a headland change over time

A
  • headland
  • cave- hydraulic action and abrasion erode a joint or fault
  • arch - forms when two caves erode from either side
  • stack -when a arch collapses
  • stump - when a stack cuts and falls off
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36
Q

how does a wave cut platform form

4

A
  • first HA and abrasion form a wave cut notch in the base of the cliff
  • it becomes larger
  • top becomes heavy ad unsupported so collapses due to gravity
  • wave cut platform visible at low tide
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37
Q

what are beaches
where does deposition occur

A

deposits of sand or shingle
in sheltered areas of the coastline, and wave energy is lower

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38
Q

what is a spit?
how are they formed?

A

are narrow beaches that are attached to land at one end and extend across a bay or estuary
a change in the coastline direction

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39
Q

what is a bar?

A

it is just like a spit but it is attached to land on both ends, connecting two headlands and turns the bay into a lagoon.

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40
Q

human activities can change coastal landscape

how has urbanisation lead to changes in coastal landscapes (2 reasons)

A
  • building weight makes cliffs more vulnerable
  • urbanisation increases the need for sea defences.
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41
Q

human activities can change coastal landscape

how has agriculture lead to changes in coastal landscapes (3 reasons)

A
  • creates wildlife habitats
  • increases sedimentation
  • increases soil erosion
42
Q

human activities can change coastal landscape

how has industry lead to changes in coastal landscapes (3 reasons)

A
  • increases air, noise and visual pollution
  • can destroy habitats for sea life and birds
  • creates employment opportunities
43
Q

human activities affects the environment and the people

what are the effects of coastal recession and flooding (5 reasons)

A
  • loss of homes and businesses
  • decreasing property values
  • disruption to roads and railways lines
  • cliffs become dangerous for people
  • wildlife habitats can be destroyed
44
Q

what does hard and soft engineering do

A

hard engineering protects the coastline but spoils the landscape.
soft engineering works with nature to maintain the coastline but is less effective

45
Q

types of hard engineering

3 examples

A
  • sea wall protect cliffs and building but are the most expensive option.
  • groynes trap sand and build up the beaches but lead to increased erosion downdrift as the process of longshore drift is slowed down.
  • rip rap absorbs wave energy. it is less expensive then a sea wall but restricts beach access.
46
Q

types of soft engineering

2 examples

A
  • beach nourishment reduces wave energy and is good for tourism
  • managed retreat
47
Q

what is the coast case study
name a headland

A

The Holderness Coast
Flamborough Head

47
Q

coastal landscapes are outcomes of physical and human processes together

significance of location

what rock is prone to erosion and where is it located(named headland)

A
  • softer bolder clay is easily eroded and prone to slumping following heavy rainfall. chalk is more resistant at Flamborough head
  • it is exposed to strong wind from the north sea
48
Q

coastal landscapes are outcomes of physical and human processes together

physical processes

3 processes and a named type of rock on the holderness coast

A
  • coastal erosion- clay is easily eroded
  • mass movement - clay slumps after periods of rainfall.
  • transport - desctructive waves move sediment away from the coastline.
49
Q

coastal landscapes are outcomes of physical and human processes together

human processes

what has hard engineering done to the environment

A
  • hard engineering at mappleton have protected it from erosion.
  • hard engineering has prevented transportation, making erosion worse in other places.
50
Q

coastal landscapes are outcomes of physical and human processes together

changes

what are the changes in the landscape and environment

A
  • some parts of the coastline are retreating by nearly 2 metres per year.
  • framland, property and houses have been lost to sea.
51
Q

what is sliding

A

rock and weathered material moves down a slope owing to gravity

52
Q

what is slumping

A

a river erodes the bottom of a valley slope, making it steeper. the material above then slides downwards particularly if saturated

53
Q

How does the gradient change as we go downstream

A

decreases- less vertical erosion more lateral erosion

54
Q

How does the discharge change as we go downstream

A

increases- more bodies of water are adding into the river

55
Q

How does the depth change as we go downstream

A

increases- more erosion

55
Q

How does the channel width change as we go downstream?

A

increases- lateral erosion, hydraulic action

56
Q

How does the velocity change as we go downstream

A

increases- less friction due to rounder rocks and smoother channels.

57
Q

How does the valley profile change as we go downstream

A

decreases- steep sides, gentler sides to flat gentle sides

58
Q

How do the features change as we go downstream, name 3 landforms

A

waterfall, meander and levees

59
Q

How does the sediment shape change as we go downstream

A

becomes more rounder- abrasion

60
Q

How does the sediment size change as we go downstream

A

decreases- attrition

61
Q

How does the frequency of storms increase the risk of flooding

A

intense precipitation can cause rivers to overflow

62
Q

How do periods of hot, dry weather increase the risk of flooding

A

hardens soil surface, meaning the water can’t be soaked in which increases surface runoff and river discharge.

63
Q

impacts of climate on discharge

A

discharge will be greater in wetter climates.
less discharge in hotter climates as more evaporation

64
Q

impacts of climate on erosion rates

A

erosion rates will be higher with greater discharge.

65
Q

impacts of climate on transport rates

A

transport rates will be higher when the energy of the water is greater

66
Q

impacts of climate on the weathering of rocks

A

the weathering of rocks will be greater where temperatures range from just above to below freezing

67
Q

how are interlocking spurs formed?

A

at the source the river has limited energy and naturally flows around ridges of more resistant rock

68
Q

how are waterfalls formed?

A

formed when there is a layer of more resistant rock over a layer of less resistant rock. the less resistant rock is eroded by hydraulic action and is undercut. the overhead protruding more resistant rock collapses forming a waterfall.

69
Q

how are gorges formed?

A

over time as the waterfall retreats forming a gorge.

70
Q

what are meanders?

A

bends in the river channel

71
Q

what are river cliffs?

A

outside bend of a meander

72
Q

what are point bars?

A

inside bend of a meander

73
Q

how are oxbow lakes formed?

A

they form as the neck of the meander narrows and eventually erodes through. the water takes the quickest route cutting off the old meander causing it to dry out eventually.

74
Q

how are floodplains formed?

A

it is shaped by meanders and lateral erosion, during a flood the river deposits sediment forming a floodplain.

75
Q

how are levees formed?

A

as deposition continues during flooding eventually embankments will form on the banks of rivers.

76
Q

human activities lead to changes in river landscapes

how does urbanisation lead to changes in the river landscapes?

A
  • increases impermeable surfaces, increasing surface run off, increasing discharge.
77
Q

how does agriculture lead to changes in the river landscapes?

A
  • deforestation and field drainage transports water more quickly into streams
  • water is extracted from rivers for irrigation
78
Q

how does industry lead to changes in the river landscapes?

A

-reduce the amount of erosion
- chemical waste can pollute the river

79
Q

how does rainfall intensity affect flooding

A

large amounts of rainfall reduces soil infiltration.

80
Q

how does geology affect flooding

A

impermeable rocks means that water cannot percolate from above

81
Q

how does snowmelt affect flooding

A

during spring snow melt adds more water to a river

82
Q

how does drainage basin affect flooding

A

steep-sided valleys carry water into a river system quicker.

83
Q

how does urbanisation affect flooding

A

more impermeable surfaces

84
Q

how does deforestation affect flooding

A

less interception and greater surface runoff

85
Q

the physical effects of flooding

A

soil erosion and loss of habitats

86
Q

the human effects of flooding

A

loss of life and jobs, economic damage, damage to property, and disruption to farming and transport

87
Q

why are dams and reservoirs built

A

barriers constructed to hold water. they store large volumes of water and can also be used to generate hydro-electric power.

88
Q

disadvantage of dams and reservoirs

A

they are expensive and sand can build up in reservoirs

89
Q

what does channelisation do

A

channelisation straightens or widens a river channel allowing water to flow more quickly from the area at a higher flood risk

90
Q

disadvatages of channelisation

A

water moves quickly downstream increasing the flood risk to other settlements

91
Q

soft engineering

what does floodplain zoning do

A

prevents development in areas at a higher risk of flooding. this reduces the number of homes at risk and allows infiltration to take place.

92
Q

soft engineering

what are washlands

A

they are areas adjacent to rivers that are deliberately flooded in order to avoid flooding of residential areas and important farmland

93
Q

river dee- human factors causing change

channelisation

A

has improved navigation but has increased velocity and discharge

94
Q

river dee- human factors causing change

reservoirs

A

are constructed

95
Q

river dee- human factors causing change

embankments

A

are built to protect agricultural land and property.

96
Q

river dee- physical factors causing change

meanders

A

have caused bends in the river

97
Q

river dee- physical factors causing change

rising sea levels

A
  • rising sea levels could replace freshwater marsh landscapes
  • in the dee estuary, it could destroy the landcape and habiats
98
Q
  • name a coastal landscape
  • name two rivers
A
  • swanage
  • river creedy, river wye

geography (6 decks)

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