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geography > paper 1 : 1.2 weather hazards and climate change > Flashcards

paper 1 : 1.2 weather hazards and climate change Flashcards

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1
Q

where is there more solar radiation/heat

A

equator and less at the poles

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2
Q

name three circulation cells and their latitudes

A

hadley 0-30
ferrel 30-60
polar 60-90

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3
Q

what does the air do at the equator, what type of pressure and where does the air travel
what does it do, what kind of pressure does it create.

A

at the equator warm air rises forming low pressure (causing rain). the air cools, diverges and moves 30 north and south of the equator where the now cooler and dry air sinks to form high pressure (deserts)

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4
Q

what does the air at 30 degrees north/south do

A

some of the cool air moves back towards the equator (trade winds), the rest travels to the lower part of the ferrel cell to 60 north/south of the equator

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5
Q

what happens to the air at 60 degrees north/south

A

at 60, the warm air meets the cold polar air. the warmer air rises (forming low pressure and causing rainfall) and travels towards the poles. the now cold dry air sinks at the poles forming high pressure

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6
Q

what weather is caused by low pressure

A

rainy

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7
Q

what weather is caused by high pressure

A

sunny/settled

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8
Q

how is high pressure created

A

cold air sinks

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9
Q

how is low pressure created

A

warm air rises

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10
Q

what weather is caused when warm air rises

A

rainy

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11
Q

what weather is caused when cold air sinks

A

sunny/settled

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12
Q

do ocean currents transfer heat from the equator- yes or no?

A

yes

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13
Q

what do surface currents do

A

they transfer warmer water towards the poles where dense salty water sinks.

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14
Q

what do deeper ocean currents do

A

they move colder water back towards the equator.

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15
Q

name one ocean current that prevents the poles form becoming too cold and the equator from becoming too hot

A

the north atlantic drift

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16
Q

what time period are we in

A

quaternary period

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17
Q

what epoch are we in

A

holocene

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18
Q

what are cold periods in time called and how long do they last

A

glaciels
100,000 years each

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19
Q

what are warm periods in time called and how long do they last

A

inter-glaciels
15,000 years each
we are currently in an interglaciel

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20
Q

name 3 milankovitch cycles and what are they

A
  • precession- as the earth rotates, it wobbles slightly upon it’s rotational axis, the wobbles causing currents
  • axial tilt- the greater the tilt of the earth’s axis the greater the angle causing colder winters.
  • eccentricity- the orbit of the earth changes from being round to oval causing glaciels and interglaciels.
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21
Q

how does solar variation affect temperatures.

A

higher levels of solar radiation cause inter-glaciel periods whereas low cause glaciels.

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22
Q

how does volcanic eruption affect temperatures

A

eruptions emit ash and dust into the atmosphere blocking out the sun’s rays causing the temperatures to fall.

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23
Q

name evidences for climate change

A
  • fossilised animals
  • ice cores
  • pollen
  • cave paintings
  • tree rings
  • bodies in greenland
  • pic of frozen thames
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24
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

the sun’s rays being trapped in the earth’s atmosphere

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25
Q

what is enhanced greenhouse effect

A

the sun’s rays enters the earth’s atmosphere warming up the surface and when it is reflected off the surface it is trapped as the layer of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is thick, this causes the earth to heat up

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26
Q

how does industry lead to enhanced green house effect

A

burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to produce consumer goods

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27
Q

how does energy lead to enhanced green house effect

A

electricity produced from fossil fuel for a growing population

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28
Q

how does farming lead to enhanced green house effect

A

a growing demand for more meat increases methane levels

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29
Q

how does transport lead to enhanced green house effect

A

increased car ownership and air travel increases emissions

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30
Q

negative impacts of climate change on the environment

rising sea levels

A

from melting sheets and glaciers could cause the gulf stream to move furthur south, cooling temperatures in western europe.

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31
Q

negative impacts of climate change on the environment

coastal flooding

A

coastal flooding could contaminate ecosystems with sea water

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32
Q

negative impacts of climate change on the environment

retreating glaciers

A

retreating glaciers contribute to rising sea levels.

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33
Q

negative impacts of climate change on the people

unreliable rainfall

2 reasons

A

unreliable rainfal in regions such as sahel (africa) could cause:
- droughts
- lower crop yield
- food shortages

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34
Q

negative impacts of climate change on the people

rising sea levels

A

flood risk in low lying places like the maldives will be flooded and it will affect the tourism and the local income/jobs for the local people, it could force people to leave, lose their homes and livelihoods.

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35
Q

a period that has increased solar radiation

A

medieval warm period- higher temperatures mean greater crop yield

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36
Q

a period due loads of volcanic activity

A

little ice age(1600s)- temperatures were cold enough to freeze the River Thames

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37
Q

what type of winters and summers does north-west britain have

mild, cold or warm

A

mild winters and mild summers

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38
Q

what type of winters and summers does north-east britain have

mild, cold or warm

A

cold winters and mild summers

39
Q

what type of winters and summers does south-west britain have

mild, cold or warm

A

mild winters and warm summers

40
Q

what type of winters and summers does south-east britain have

mild, cold or warm

A

cold winters and warm summers

41
Q

what factors affect UK’s climate

maritime influence

A

as an island, the air around the UK contains lots of moisture, leading to rainfall all year.

42
Q

what factors affect UK’s climate

prevailing wind

A

south-westerly winds from the atlantic ocean bring moisture and rainfall

43
Q

what factors affect UK’s climate

north atlantic drift

A

this ocean brings warm water and a milder climate to the UK for its latitude

44
Q

what factors affect UK’s climate

atmospheric circulation

A

the UK sits between the ferrel and polar cells where air rises and forms low pressure bring rainfall.

45
Q

what factors affect UK’s climate

altitude

A

higher regions in the UK (north and west) receive more rainfall.

46
Q

where do tropical cyclones occur
where do hurricanes occur
where do typhoons occur

A
  • indian ocean
  • atlantic ocean
  • pacific ocean
47
Q

charcteristics required for a hurricane to take place

A
  • 70 m deep waters
  • over 27 degrees water
  • 500km away from the equator (coreolis effect isnt strong enough)
  • converging winds
48
Q

charcteristics of tropical cyclones

(3 features)

A
  • low pressure
  • eye in the middle surrounded by eye wall
  • a width of up to 400 km and height of up 10km.
49
Q
A
49
Q

when are cyclones more possible in the northern tropics

A

june to november

50
Q

when are cyclones more possible in the southern tropics

A

november to april

51
Q

the distance covered by a cyclone

A

track

52
Q

hazards associated with tropical cyclones

low pressure causes a large mass of water to surge inland

A

storm surges

53
Q

hazards associated with tropical cyclones

saturated soil becomes heavy and slides downhill

A

landslides

54
Q

hazards associated with tropical cyclones

damage to property and potential loss of life

A

coastal flooding

55
Q

hazards associated with tropical cyclones

heavy rainfall can lead to flooding, stranding people

A

intense rainfall

56
Q

hazards associated with tropical cyclones

strong winds can uproot trees and damage buildings

A

high winds

57
Q

where did hurricane sandy hit and when

A

new jersey and new jersey
29 october 2012

58
Q

social impacts of hurricane sandy

6 impacts

A
  • 21 died in the bahamas
  • subway and buses/ transport closed
  • HMS bounty ship sunk-2 died
  • 8 million homes without power and homes were damaged
  • school closed
  • 150 people killed
59
Q

economic impacts of hurricane sandy

5 impacts

A
  • stock exchange closed
  • a crane damaged
  • jersey shore theme park damaged
  • $ 65 billion damage
  • petrol in short supply
60
Q

environmental impacts of hurricane sandy

2 impacts

A
  • nature reserves were damaged
    -** raw and untreated sewage ended up in the waters around new york and new jersey.**
61
Q

individual responses of hurricane sandy

6 responses

A
  • evacuated
  • put sand bags infront of their homes
  • go kits ready
  • preparation for their pets
  • people posted images on social media
  • the concert for sandy relief with artists (bon jovi)
62
Q

organisations responses of hurricane sandy

2 responses

A
  • cancelled flights (12000)
  • american red cross provided relief to people in affected areas.
63
Q

governments responses of hurricane sandy

5 responses

A
  • governement of new jersey declares a state of emergency.
  • law made minimum 3 people per car
  • fixed/restored the flooded subway in 2 days
  • provided billions to rebuild
  • used satellite images to plan their response
64
Q

when did typhoon haiyan form and where

A

2 november 2013
near micronesia

65
Q

where was the most damage
what happened in the philippines

A

islands of samar and leyte
flooding and landslides in philippines

66
Q

social impacts of typhoon haiyan

9 impacts

A
  • no shelter/loss of homes, 80-90% lost roofs
  • lack of clean water
  • food and aid couldn’t reach people due to landslides
  • spread of diseases- chloera outburst
  • sewage leaks
  • damage to roads, landslides
  • 6000 people killed
  • no power
  • 60,000 were homeless
67
Q

economic impacts of typhoon haiyan

3 impacts

A
  • farmland damaged leading to food shortages
  • damage is $2 billion
  • roads damaged so hard to receive aid
68
Q

environmental impacts of typhoon haiyan

5 impacts

A
  • vegetation damaged-loss of biodiversity
  • mangroves damaged
    -** thousand trees were uprooted**
  • chemical leaks form damaged factories
  • a tanker ran around causing an oil spill
69
Q

individual responses of typhoon haiyan

3 responses

A
  • scavenging
  • straining water through t-shirts
  • people in countries like UK and canada gave money
70
Q

organisation responses of typhoon haiyan

5 responces

A
  • charities/red cross gave out food
  • police and military helped evacuation
  • the WHO coordinated the international response
  • UNICEF is using rapid FTR, an app to reunite children with their families
  • relief aid from UK and Canada
71
Q

governmental responses of typhoon haiyan

4 responses

A
  • 4 days- no support
  • government redirected funds to help problems
  • they evacuated people from samar, but this was very slow-no power
  • loans and grants were given by other countries. (uk- £10 million including shelter, water and household items).
72
Q

what are arid environments name one place

A

a area that has permenantely low percipitation such as the sahara desert

73
Q

what are droughts
name the uk’s drought classification

how long does the uk go without rain to be classified as a drought

A

conditions that are temporary and occur when there is low percipitation
for the uk it is 15 consecutive days

74
Q

name 2 natural causes of drought

A
  • meteorological
  • hydrological
75
Q

natural causes of droughts

what is meteorological

A

this is where an area recieves less than average percipitation

76
Q

natural causes of droughts

what is hydrological

A

this is where the hydrological cycle recieves less rainfall rainfall than normal leading to less groundwater.

77
Q

human causes of droughts

3 causes

A
  • deforestation
  • dams
  • agriculture
78
Q

human causes of droughts

how has deforestation lead to droughts

A

can reduce evaporation as there are less trees to transpire

79
Q

human causes of droughts

how has dams lead to droughts

A

restrict water flow downstream causing drought conditions

80
Q

human causes of droughts

how has agriculture lead to droughts

A

water extraction for irrigation

81
Q

which locations are more vulnerable to drought and why

A

at 30 north/south between the hadley and ferrel cell, air descends forming high pressure and little rainfall.

82
Q

what can droughts lead to

5 causes

A
  • crop failure
  • famine
  • water shortages
  • contamination of water
  • wildfires
83
Q

californian drought

since when has california been experiencing drought

A

since 2012

84
Q

californian drought

what consequences have california been facing

3 impacts

A
  • groundwater has fallen
  • land has been contaminated by salt
  • wildfires have destroyed vegetation
85
Q

californian drought

the impacts of the californian drought includes

3 impacts

A
  • low river levels for fish and breeding
  • wildlife habitats and people’s property destroyed by wildfires
  • reduced crop production and incomes
86
Q

californian drought

what action did the governement take

4 actions

A
  • they gave water education
  • imposed a law to cut water usage by 25%
  • farmers are encouraged to use drip irrigation
  • homeowners are encouraged to repair leaks
87
Q

ethiopian drought

since when has ethiopia has been experiencing drought

A

1980s

88
Q

ethiopian drought

what percentage of people live in rural areas and what is their main occupation

A
  • 85%
  • agriculture
89
Q

ethiopian drought

what are the main hazards

4 hazards

A
  • loss in crop yields
  • malnutrition
  • longer journeys to find water
  • children dont go to school as they are sent in search of water.
90
Q

ethiopian drought

impacts of the ethiopian drought

4 impacts

A
  • death of livestock
  • crop failure
  • girls sent to collect water so miss education
  • spread of diseases among humans and wildlife owing to a lack of clean water
91
Q

ethiopian drought

how much food aid did the USA government give

A

$100 million in food aid

92
Q

ethiopian drought

  • which agencies have offered help
  • how have they helped
A
  • oxfam
  • help people obtain water
  • raise awareness and money

geography (6 decks)

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