paper 2: 2.1 changing cities Flashcards
what is urbanisation
the increase of the number of people living in the cities compared to the poeple living in the countrysides
main cause of urbanisation in developed countries
- when did it happen in the UK
1 cause
- industrialisation
- 1800-1900s
why did people move from the rural areas to the cities in uk
3
- mechanisation of farming
- rise of factories
- jobs
main cause of urbanisation in developing/emerging countries
3 causes
- natural increase- birth rates in the country are higher than death rates caused by improvements in healthcare.
- rural-to-urban migration- people move from rural areas for a better quality of life.
- higher paid jobs
where is the fastest rate of development happening now
- africa
- developing countries
effects of urbanisation
4 effects
- air, noise and water pollution increases
- investment increases, leading to more economic opportunities (jobs)
- unplanned settlements occur in developing nations
- the gap between the rich and poor often widens in developing and emerging.
- explain the population distribution in the uk
- where is it more where is it less
- uneven
- more in london and SE
- less in north (scottish highlands)
why does population density vary in the uk
3 reasons
- lower population density in the north as there are fewer cities owing to higher relief (mountains).
- climate makes living more difficult (northern ireland).
- higher population around ports. london and liverpool are high as they provided jobs in the shipping industry.
what is a major city
at least 400,000 people
urbanisation in developed countries
why did enclosure acts cause people to move the cities in UK
people were unable to use common land due to new law and ended up moving to the city for jobs
urbanisation in developed countries
why did industrial revolution cause people to move the cities in UK
more factories opened up in the cities so people moved there
urbanisation in developed countries
why did employment rates cause people to move the cities in UK
economic investments create jobs which attracts people to the area
bristol
- what is the site
- what is the site of bristol
2
- actual location
- located on 7 hills, confluence on river avon and frome.
bristol
- what is situation
- what is the situation of bristol
3
- how well connected a place is to it’s surroundings
- M4 and M5, airport, metro.
describe the connectivity of bristol
to UK and the world
- uk= railway (bristol parkway + temple meads), roads
- world= airport (bristol international airport), port
- trading with spain, portugal and colonies.
national context of bristol
5
- in england
- close to the border of wales
- near ports
- on the river severn
- near bristol channel
regional context of bristol
3
- western europe
- close to the atlantic ocean
- neighbouring countries (france, germany)
global context of bristol
- northern hemisphere
bristol
function of the CBD and its building age and example
3, 3,
= mixed- commercial, administration, business
= oldest buildings, new shopping development
= cabot circus
bristol
function of the inner city and its land use, building age and example
2, 2
= residential and some industrial
= flats, terrarced housing
= newer buildings
= sandy parks
bristol
function of the suburbs and its land use, building age and example
2, 3
= residential, open space
= semi and detached housing, larger gardens, parks
=1930s,1950s and 1970s
= fish ponds
bristol
function of the rural-urban-fringe and its land use, building age and example
5, 3
=mixed- residential, agriculture, commercial, recreational, leisure
= farms, out-of-shopping centres, airport
=newest
= cribbs causeway
how has urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info
- 14/15 to mid 18th century
- docks/ports (CBD)
- people moved to work in the ports and on the ships
how has suburbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info
- late 18th to early 19th century
- clifton
- people moved to larger homes, rich merchants wanted more space and get away from the ports
how has counter-urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info
- later 20th century
- from CBD/inner city to suburbs/ rural urban fringe
- deindustrialisation so people moved in search of jobs
how has re-urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info
- 1980s onwards
- innercity/suburbs
- new housing attracted people
causes of international/national migration in BRISTOL
2
- higher paid jobs
- better education
impact of migration on BRISTOL’s age structure
3
- younger population so average age decreases
- natural increase
- migrants are usually between 18-50
impact of migration on BRISTOL’s ethnicity
3
- more ethnically diverse
- multiculturalism - food, music, film, etc.
- conflict segregation
impact of migration on BRISTOL’s housing
2
- overcrowded housing
- house prices/ rents increases
impact of migration on BRISTOL’s services
2
- pressure on healthcare
- longer waiting lists in school
reason for BRISTOL’s population growth
- 2029- 500,000
- 2014- 442,500
- 2
- large number of working age people migrating
- elderly people retire to quiter places.
causes of deindustrialisation
impacts of decentralisation on bristol
factories closed to make space for housing
causes of deindustrialisation
impacts of globalisation on bristol
factories have moved abroad as lower production costs
causes of deindustrialisation
impacts of development in transport on bristol
factories have closed to make room for roads, train stations and etc.
causes of deindustrialisation
impacts of technological advances on bristol
bristol companies find it hard to compete with newer companies with more advances so go bankrupt.
how does economic change (jobs) lead to unequal quality of life in bristol
bristol has lost secondary sector jobs so people without good qualifications are unemployed and struggle to find find tertiary/quaternary jobs
bristol
why might the CBD go into decline
shops lose business due to one-of-town shopping centres- spiral of decline
bristol
why would people prefer to go to cribbs causeway rather than cabot circus
3
- more space so variety of shops- multi-use
- cheaper
- parking is free
bristol
impact of internet shopping
it is more convenient so decline in the CBD
bristol
how effective is recycling in improving the quality of life in bristol
2
- home collection service= 50% of waste is recycled highest in the UK
- waste treatment plant= less waste going to landfill
bristol
how effective is employment in improving the quality of life in bristol
1
- bristol council is attracting companies to the city = creates more jobs (8% unemployed), = average bristol salary is £22,290 while uk is £21,470
bristol
how effective is education and health in improving the quality of life in bristol
2
- teaching school have been created so teachers learn on the job= better qol for teachers
- healthy eating (5 a day)= better diet and more healthy lifestyle
bristol
how effective is walking schemes in improving the quality of life in bristol
1
- walkit app= benefits in healthcare, = less CO2 emissions released
bristol
how effective is public transport in improving the quality of life in bristol
1
- bus lanes= quicker journey times
bristol
how effective is car sharing in improving the quality of life in bristol
1
- cars with only 2 or more people can use the lanes during rush hour= less cars on the road
bristol
how effective is cycling in improving the quality of life in bristol
1
- £11.4 million spent on cycle lanes and free bike repaires= healthier and less CO2 emissions
bristol
how effective is affordable and energy efficient housing schemes in improving the quality of life in bristol
2
- grants for double glazing and loft insulation= less energy used do lower bills
- affordable housing= helps people get on the property ladder.
sao paulo
what is sao paulo’s site
4
- hilly plateau
- river titete
- river anhangabau which now flows underground
- 820 m above sea level
sao paulo
what is sao paulo’s situation
4
- port called santos
- south west of rio de janeiro
- 70 km away from the atlantic ocean
- brasilia is north of sao paulo
sao paulo
what is sao paulo’s connectivity
to brazil (3) and the rest of the world (1)
- to brazil= road (rodovia dos imigrantes) connects to ports like santos, =bus = metro
- world= airport (700 flights per day)
sao paulo
national context of sao paulo
1
sao paulo is in south-east brazil
sao paulo
regional context of sao paulo
2
- east of south america
- south of venezuela
sao paulo
global context of sao paulo
- south america
- southern hemisphere
sao paulo
CBD’s functions and description of what is found there
5, 6
- business, administration, public buildings, finance, entertainment
- office, banks, high rise apartments, shops, hotels, museums
sao paulo
inner city’s functions and description of what is found here
2, 2
- residential and some industry
- 19th century immigrants settled here (italians and japanese), self-built houses
sao paulo
suburbs’ functions and description of what is found here
2, 2
- residential and commercial (out-of-town shopping)
- expensive, spacious housing, gated (alphaville), great services (hospitals, schools)
sao paulo
rural-urban fringe’s functions and description of what is found here
1, 2
- residential
- gated communities built recently due to less space, 1980s favelas
sao paulo
where is alphaville
describe it
5
- north-west of sao paulo in the rural-urban fringe
- gated, 2300 businesses, 11 schools, water/sewage treatment centre, 1000+ security guards
sao paulo
why has sao paulo seen large rates of population growth
6
- natural increase
- national and international migration
- gated community
- scenery
- jobs
- better healthcare
sao paulo
3 pull factors
- infant mortality is lower
- higher paid jobs
- better healthcare
sao paulo
how has housing been impacted by migration
4
- housing shortages so favelas
- poor electricity
- poor sanitation
- gated communities for the rich
sao paulo
how has age structure been impacted by migration
3
- younger population due to migration
- natural increase
- higher life expectancy
sao paulo
how has ethnicity been impacted by migration
1
- more diverse
sao paulo
how has services been impacted by migration
1
- pressure on services= long waiting list for healthcare, = larger class sizes
sao paulo
what is moema
what is marsillac
- rich place like alphaville
- favelas
sao paulo
why is there inequality
there has been rapid urbanisation and the government couldn’t build houses for everyone so the ones that already had a job are the ones that are the richest.
sao paulo
the social impacts of rapid urbanisation
3
- longer journey time due to congestion
- housing shortages
- inadequate services
sao paulo
the economic impacts of rapid urbanisation
3
- more competition for jobs
- unemployment (12%)
- under-employment
sao paulo
the environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation
2
- air pollution
- waste management issues
sao paulo
name a top-down project
name a bottom-up project
- cingapura
- santo andre
sao paulo
what is the cingapura project
4
- 1995 to 2001
- supposed to build 100,000 but only built 14,000
- replaced favelas with 10-story buildings
- $26/month
sao paulo
what are some advantages of the cingapura project
3
- safer
- built on the favelas so stay in the community
- better quality of life (sanitation, electricity)
sao paulo
what are some disadvantages of the cingapura project
5
- noisy
- residents weren’t allocated housing
- they might not be able to afford rent so become homeless
- residents and no say and had to move
- living space was small
sao paulo
what is the santo andre project
4
- improving favelas
- improved infrastructure
- built medical centres
- funded by community organisations (many organisations involved)
sao paulo
what are some advantages of the santo andre project
4
- cheaper
- people have a say
- no rent as they own the house
- better qol
sao paulo
what are some disadvantages of the santo andre project
2
- small accomodation
- scheme may take a while to introduce so people may be temporarily homeless
sao paulo
how does BANK LOANS FOR BUSINESSES WITH LOW INTEREST RATE economically help improve qol
2 positives and 2 negatives and a conclusion
+ businesses are able to grow and provide jobs for local people (+)
+ economic multiplier effect(+)
- still have an interest rate(-)
- some businesses may be unsuccessful and struggle to pay the loan back(-)
- overall= growth of economy
sao paulo
how does HOUSING FOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS (teachers, fire fighters) socially and economically help improve qol
1 positive and 3 negatives and a conclusion
- public sector workers are rewarded with high quality houses (+)
- bills and rent still included (-)
- longer waiting list (-)
- doesn’t not address housing shortages (-)
- overall= still could lead to poverty and inequality
sao paulo
how does TOP DOWN HOUSING SCHEMES socially help improve qol
2 positives 2 negatives and a conclusion
+ better quality housing (+)
+ running water and electricity (+)
- unnattractive apartments (-)
- long waiting list for accomodation (-)
- overall= improved housing but not for all
sao paulo
how does the METRO SYSTEM economically, socially, environmentally help improve qol
2 positives 2 negatives and a conclusion
+ less CO2 emissions (+)
+ lower journey times due to less traffic (+)
- very crowded (-)
- long waiting times (-)
- overall= easier to travel but more investment is needed
