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geography > paper 2: 2.1 changing cities > Flashcards

paper 2: 2.1 changing cities Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

the increase of the number of people living in the cities compared to the poeple living in the countrysides

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2
Q

main cause of urbanisation in developed countries
- when did it happen in the UK

1 cause

A
  • industrialisation
  • 1800-1900s
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3
Q

why did people move from the rural areas to the cities in uk

3

A
  • mechanisation of farming
  • rise of factories
  • jobs
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4
Q

main cause of urbanisation in developing/emerging countries

3 causes

A
  • natural increase- birth rates in the country are higher than death rates caused by improvements in healthcare.
  • rural-to-urban migration- people move from rural areas for a better quality of life.
  • higher paid jobs
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5
Q

where is the fastest rate of development happening now

A
  • africa
  • developing countries
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6
Q

effects of urbanisation

4 effects

A
  • air, noise and water pollution increases
  • investment increases, leading to more economic opportunities (jobs)
  • unplanned settlements occur in developing nations
  • the gap between the rich and poor often widens in developing and emerging.
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7
Q
  • explain the population distribution in the uk
  • where is it more where is it less
A
  • uneven
  • more in london and SE
  • less in north (scottish highlands)
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8
Q

why does population density vary in the uk

3 reasons

A
  • lower population density in the north as there are fewer cities owing to higher relief (mountains).
  • climate makes living more difficult (northern ireland).
  • higher population around ports. london and liverpool are high as they provided jobs in the shipping industry.
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9
Q

what is a major city

A

at least 400,000 people

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10
Q

urbanisation in developed countries

why did enclosure acts cause people to move the cities in UK

A

people were unable to use common land due to new law and ended up moving to the city for jobs

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11
Q

urbanisation in developed countries

why did industrial revolution cause people to move the cities in UK

A

more factories opened up in the cities so people moved there

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12
Q

urbanisation in developed countries

why did employment rates cause people to move the cities in UK

A

economic investments create jobs which attracts people to the area

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13
Q

bristol

  • what is the site
  • what is the site of bristol

2

A
  • actual location
  • located on 7 hills, confluence on river avon and frome.
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14
Q

bristol

  • what is situation
  • what is the situation of bristol

3

A
  • how well connected a place is to it’s surroundings
  • M4 and M5, airport, metro.
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15
Q

describe the connectivity of bristol

to UK and the world

A
  • uk= railway (bristol parkway + temple meads), roads
  • world= airport (bristol international airport), port
  • trading with spain, portugal and colonies.
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16
Q

national context of bristol

5

A
  • in england
  • close to the border of wales
  • near ports
  • on the river severn
  • near bristol channel
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17
Q

regional context of bristol

3

A
  • western europe
  • close to the atlantic ocean
  • neighbouring countries (france, germany)
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18
Q

global context of bristol

A
  • northern hemisphere
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19
Q

bristol

function of the CBD and its building age and example

3, 3,

A

= mixed- commercial, administration, business
= oldest buildings, new shopping development
= cabot circus

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20
Q

bristol

function of the inner city and its land use, building age and example

2, 2

A

= residential and some industrial
= flats, terrarced housing
= newer buildings
= sandy parks

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21
Q

bristol

function of the suburbs and its land use, building age and example

2, 3

A

= residential, open space
= semi and detached housing, larger gardens, parks
=1930s,1950s and 1970s
= fish ponds

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22
Q

bristol

function of the rural-urban-fringe and its land use, building age and example

5, 3

A

=mixed- residential, agriculture, commercial, recreational, leisure
= farms, out-of-shopping centres, airport
=newest
= cribbs causeway

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23
Q

how has urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info

A
  • 14/15 to mid 18th century
  • docks/ports (CBD)
  • people moved to work in the ports and on the ships
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24
Q

how has suburbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info

A
  • late 18th to early 19th century
  • clifton
  • people moved to larger homes, rich merchants wanted more space and get away from the ports
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25
Q

how has counter-urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info

A
  • later 20th century
  • from CBD/inner city to suburbs/ rural urban fringe
  • deindustrialisation so people moved in search of jobs
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26
Q

how has re-urbanisation impacted BRISTOL
- when
- where
- info

A
  • 1980s onwards
  • innercity/suburbs
  • new housing attracted people
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27
Q

causes of international/national migration in BRISTOL

2

A
  • higher paid jobs
  • better education
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28
Q

impact of migration on BRISTOL’s age structure

3

A
  • younger population so average age decreases
  • natural increase
  • migrants are usually between 18-50
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29
Q

impact of migration on BRISTOL’s ethnicity

3

A
  • more ethnically diverse
  • multiculturalism - food, music, film, etc.
  • conflict segregation
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30
Q

impact of migration on BRISTOL’s housing

2

A
  • overcrowded housing
  • house prices/ rents increases
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31
Q

impact of migration on BRISTOL’s services

2

A
  • pressure on healthcare
  • longer waiting lists in school
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32
Q

reason for BRISTOL’s population growth

  • 2029- 500,000

- 2014- 442,500
- 2

A
  • large number of working age people migrating
  • elderly people retire to quiter places.
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33
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

impacts of decentralisation on bristol

A

factories closed to make space for housing

34
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

impacts of globalisation on bristol

A

factories have moved abroad as lower production costs

35
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

impacts of development in transport on bristol

A

factories have closed to make room for roads, train stations and etc.

36
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

impacts of technological advances on bristol

A

bristol companies find it hard to compete with newer companies with more advances so go bankrupt.

37
Q

how does economic change (jobs) lead to unequal quality of life in bristol

A

bristol has lost secondary sector jobs so people without good qualifications are unemployed and struggle to find find tertiary/quaternary jobs

38
Q

bristol

why might the CBD go into decline

A

shops lose business due to one-of-town shopping centres- spiral of decline

39
Q

bristol

why would people prefer to go to cribbs causeway rather than cabot circus

3

A
  • more space so variety of shops- multi-use
  • cheaper
  • parking is free
40
Q

bristol

impact of internet shopping

A

it is more convenient so decline in the CBD

41
Q

bristol

how effective is recycling in improving the quality of life in bristol

2

A
  • home collection service= 50% of waste is recycled highest in the UK
  • waste treatment plant= less waste going to landfill
42
Q

bristol

how effective is employment in improving the quality of life in bristol

1

A
  • bristol council is attracting companies to the city = creates more jobs (8% unemployed), = average bristol salary is £22,290 while uk is £21,470
43
Q

bristol

how effective is education and health in improving the quality of life in bristol

2

A
  • teaching school have been created so teachers learn on the job= better qol for teachers
  • healthy eating (5 a day)= better diet and more healthy lifestyle
44
Q

bristol

how effective is walking schemes in improving the quality of life in bristol

1

A
  • walkit app= benefits in healthcare, = less CO2 emissions released
45
Q

bristol

how effective is public transport in improving the quality of life in bristol

1

A
  • bus lanes= quicker journey times
46
Q

bristol

how effective is car sharing in improving the quality of life in bristol

1

A
  • cars with only 2 or more people can use the lanes during rush hour= less cars on the road
47
Q

bristol

how effective is cycling in improving the quality of life in bristol

1

A
  • £11.4 million spent on cycle lanes and free bike repaires= healthier and less CO2 emissions
48
Q

bristol

how effective is affordable and energy efficient housing schemes in improving the quality of life in bristol

2

A
  • grants for double glazing and loft insulation= less energy used do lower bills
  • affordable housing= helps people get on the property ladder.
49
Q

sao paulo

what is sao paulo’s site

4

A
  • hilly plateau
  • river titete
  • river anhangabau which now flows underground
  • 820 m above sea level
50
Q

sao paulo

what is sao paulo’s situation

4

A
  • port called santos
  • south west of rio de janeiro
  • 70 km away from the atlantic ocean
  • brasilia is north of sao paulo
51
Q

sao paulo

what is sao paulo’s connectivity

to brazil (3) and the rest of the world (1)

A
  • to brazil= road (rodovia dos imigrantes) connects to ports like santos, =bus = metro
  • world= airport (700 flights per day)
52
Q

sao paulo

national context of sao paulo

1

A

sao paulo is in south-east brazil

53
Q

sao paulo

regional context of sao paulo

2

A
  • east of south america
  • south of venezuela
54
Q

sao paulo

global context of sao paulo

A
  • south america
  • southern hemisphere
55
Q

sao paulo

CBD’s functions and description of what is found there

5, 6

A
  • business, administration, public buildings, finance, entertainment
  • office, banks, high rise apartments, shops, hotels, museums
56
Q

sao paulo

inner city’s functions and description of what is found here

2, 2

A
  • residential and some industry
  • 19th century immigrants settled here (italians and japanese), self-built houses
57
Q

sao paulo

suburbs’ functions and description of what is found here

2, 2

A
  • residential and commercial (out-of-town shopping)
  • expensive, spacious housing, gated (alphaville), great services (hospitals, schools)
58
Q

sao paulo

rural-urban fringe’s functions and description of what is found here

1, 2

A
  • residential
  • gated communities built recently due to less space, 1980s favelas
59
Q

sao paulo

where is alphaville
describe it

5

A
  • north-west of sao paulo in the rural-urban fringe
  • gated, 2300 businesses, 11 schools, water/sewage treatment centre, 1000+ security guards
60
Q

sao paulo

why has sao paulo seen large rates of population growth

6

A
  • natural increase
  • national and international migration
  • gated community
  • scenery
  • jobs
  • better healthcare
61
Q

sao paulo

3 pull factors

A
  • infant mortality is lower
  • higher paid jobs
  • better healthcare
62
Q

sao paulo

how has housing been impacted by migration

4

A
  • housing shortages so favelas
  • poor electricity
  • poor sanitation
  • gated communities for the rich
63
Q

sao paulo

how has age structure been impacted by migration

3

A
  • younger population due to migration
  • natural increase
  • higher life expectancy
64
Q

sao paulo

how has ethnicity been impacted by migration

1

A
  • more diverse
65
Q

sao paulo

how has services been impacted by migration

1

A
  • pressure on services= long waiting list for healthcare, = larger class sizes
66
Q

sao paulo

what is moema
what is marsillac

A
  • rich place like alphaville
  • favelas
67
Q

sao paulo

why is there inequality

A

there has been rapid urbanisation and the government couldn’t build houses for everyone so the ones that already had a job are the ones that are the richest.

68
Q

sao paulo

the social impacts of rapid urbanisation

3

A
  • longer journey time due to congestion
  • housing shortages
  • inadequate services
69
Q

sao paulo

the economic impacts of rapid urbanisation

3

A
  • more competition for jobs
  • unemployment (12%)
  • under-employment
70
Q

sao paulo

the environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation

2

A
  • air pollution
  • waste management issues
71
Q

sao paulo

name a top-down project
name a bottom-up project

A
  • cingapura
  • santo andre
72
Q

sao paulo

what is the cingapura project

4

A
  • 1995 to 2001
  • supposed to build 100,000 but only built 14,000
  • replaced favelas with 10-story buildings
  • $26/month
73
Q

sao paulo

what are some advantages of the cingapura project

3

A
  • safer
  • built on the favelas so stay in the community
  • better quality of life (sanitation, electricity)
74
Q

sao paulo

what are some disadvantages of the cingapura project

5

A
  • noisy
  • residents weren’t allocated housing
  • they might not be able to afford rent so become homeless
  • residents and no say and had to move
  • living space was small
75
Q

sao paulo

what is the santo andre project

4

A
  • improving favelas
  • improved infrastructure
  • built medical centres
  • funded by community organisations (many organisations involved)
76
Q

sao paulo

what are some advantages of the santo andre project

4

A
  • cheaper
  • people have a say
  • no rent as they own the house
  • better qol
77
Q

sao paulo

what are some disadvantages of the santo andre project

2

A
  • small accomodation
  • scheme may take a while to introduce so people may be temporarily homeless
78
Q

sao paulo

how does BANK LOANS FOR BUSINESSES WITH LOW INTEREST RATE economically help improve qol

2 positives and 2 negatives and a conclusion

A

+ businesses are able to grow and provide jobs for local people (+)
+ economic multiplier effect(+)
- still have an interest rate(-)
- some businesses may be unsuccessful and struggle to pay the loan back(-)
- overall= growth of economy

79
Q

sao paulo

how does HOUSING FOR PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS (teachers, fire fighters) socially and economically help improve qol

1 positive and 3 negatives and a conclusion

A
  • public sector workers are rewarded with high quality houses (+)
  • bills and rent still included (-)
  • longer waiting list (-)
  • doesn’t not address housing shortages (-)
  • overall= still could lead to poverty and inequality
80
Q

sao paulo

how does TOP DOWN HOUSING SCHEMES socially help improve qol

2 positives 2 negatives and a conclusion

A

+ better quality housing (+)
+ running water and electricity (+)
- unnattractive apartments (-)
- long waiting list for accomodation (-)
- overall= improved housing but not for all

81
Q

sao paulo

how does the METRO SYSTEM economically, socially, environmentally help improve qol

2 positives 2 negatives and a conclusion

A

+ less CO2 emissions (+)
+ lower journey times due to less traffic (+)
- very crowded (-)
- long waiting times (-)
- overall= easier to travel but more investment is needed

geography (6 decks)

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