Paper 1 - Weather Hazards and Climate Change Flashcards by Joanna Swainston

Define ‘Weather’

The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time and regards to heat, cloudiness, dryness, etc

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Define ‘Climate’

The statistics of weather over a 30 year interval

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Name the 3 types of Cell

Polar, Ferrel and Hadley

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What direction does wind rotate on the northern hemisphere?

Anticlockwise

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What direction does wind rotate on the southern hemisphere?

Clockwise

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Why can’t winds travel in straight lines?

The earth is rotating

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What is the ‘rotating winds’ effect called?

The coriolis effect

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Tap for a friendly message

(You’re doing great)

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What causes low pressure?

Warm air, air rising

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What causes high pressure?

Cold air, air sinking

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What is wind?

The movement of air from high to low pressure

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Define ‘trade winds’

Warm winds that blow across the equator

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What does ITCZ stand for?

Inter Tropical Convergence Zones

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In what ways can we find put about past climates?

Pollen records
Tree rings
Historical records
Ice cores (air bubbles)
Fossils & carbon dating

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Name the three Milankovitch cycles

Eccentricity, axial tilt and precession

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What is eccentricity?

The change in earth’s orbit every 100,000 years between circular (warmer and interglacial) and elliptical (colder and glacial)

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What is axial tilt?

The angle at which the earth is can change every 40,000 years and dictate the difference in our seasons

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What is precession

When the earth wobbles on its axis and change the direction it is facing, every 24,000 years

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How does Maritime effect the weather?

Winds that travel over seas pick up more moisture and cause rainfall all year round

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What is the prevailing wind in the UK?

South Westerly

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What does the SW wind mean for the east of the UK?

It is drier

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How does North Atlantic Drift effect the UK?

It brings warmer water from the gulf of Mexico, giving the UK a warmer climate than expected for our latitude

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What cell is the UK Located in?

Between Polar and Ferrel

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How do you work out altitude?

The higher it is, the colder it is, -1°C for every 100m above sea level

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[CASE STUDY: The Maldives] 1) What social effects does flooding have on the Maldives?

* Increase in waterborne diseases * Food and Crop shortages * Migration to safer areas

[CASE STUDY: The Maldives] 2) What economic effects does flooding have on the Maldives?

* Destruction of housing and infrastructure * Few Resources * Rely on foreign aid

[CASE STUDY: The Maldives] 3) What Environmental effects does flooding have on the Maldives?

* Loss of land (habitats) * Animals drowned * Fresh water fish die in salty water

What temperature is needed for a cyclone to form?

27°C

Why do Cyclones spin?

The Coriolis effect

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 1) What type of Country is the Philippines?

LIC or emerging/developing country

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 2) What social effects did typhoon Haiyan have?

* 6000+ died * Tens of thousands made homeless * Aid blocked by landslides

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 3) What economic effects did typhoon Haiyan have?

* Transport disrupted | * Damage estimated US$2billion

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 1) What environmental effects did typhoon Haiyan have?

* Trees uprooted * Chemical leaks * Oil spill

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 5) What media responses happened after Typhoon Haiyan?

* Band 'Journey' donated $350,000 * Coca Cola donated $2.5million of their advertising budget * FIFA donated $1million

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 6) What charity responses happened after Typhoon Haiyan?

• Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation gave emergency aid in the form of cash, healthcare, meals and classrooms

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 7) What Government responses happened after Typhoon Haiyan?

• Evacuations - uncontrolled and had to be held by police

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 8) What local responses happened after Typhoon Haiyan?

• Assessment of damage

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 9) What type of Country is the USA?

A HIC or developed country

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 10) What social effects did Hurricane Sandy have?

* 223 people killed * Power outages effected 8 milion people * Damage to 200,000 homes

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 11) What economic effects did Hurricane Sandy have?

* Damage estimated US$50billion+ * Transport stop and infrastructure several damaged * Stock exchange forced to close

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 12) What environmental effects did Hurricane Sandy have?

* Sea water contaminated drinking water * Spillage of sewage * Water levels rose

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 13) What media responses happened following Hurricane Sandy?

* Social media gave access to support and advice and communication * Corporate donation and fundraising

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 14) What charity responses happened following Hurricane Sandy?

* 9,000 spent the night in redcross shelters | * 4000 disaster workers sent from the red cross

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 15) What Government responses happened following Hurricane Sandy?

* Obama visited states to see the damage | * 1500 FEMA personel used to support

[CASE STUDY: Tropical Cyclones] 16) What Local responses happened following Hurricane Sandy?

• Social media connected people

Define Arid

Countries then receive less than 250mm of rainfall per year

Where are drought usually located?

Areas of high pressure (air decendes and is dry)

What are some of the impacts of drought?

* Illness and death due to poor quality/ lack of water * Wildlife migration * Soil can't support plants and crops * Forest fires

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 1) What type of Country is Ethiopia?

LIC or Emerging/developing

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 9) What type of Country is California?

HIC or Developed

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 2) What were the social effects of the Drought in Ethiopia?

* 10.2million people in need of emergency food * 400,000 children needing treatment for acute malnutrition * Bad hygiene and lots if disease

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 10) What were the social effects of the Drought in California?

* Lack of drinking water * Hose pipe ban * Increased food and water prices

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 3) What were the economic effects of the Drought in Ethiopia?

* Crop failure * Death of Cattle and lifestock * Food prices increased

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 11) What were the economic effects of the Drought in California?

* Reduction of hydroelectric power used * Crops didn't grow and lifestock couldn't be farmed - California provides for rest if country * Increased food prices

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 12) What were the environmental effects of the Drought in California?

* Wildfires * Fish die - fishermen lose jobs, less food * Draining of streams and rivers

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 4) What were the environmental effects of the Drought in Ethiopia?

* Wildfires * Rivers polluted by dead animals * Soil erosion - difficult to grow crops

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 5) What were the media responses after the Drought in Ethiopia?

• Band Aid 1988 'Do they know it's Christmas?'

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 6) What were the charity responses after the Drought in Ethiopia?

• Oxfam and unicef raised US$60million

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 13) What were the charity responses after the Drought in California?

• California water service group gave $600,000+

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 7) What were the Government responses after the Drought in Ethiopia?

* Spent $318million | * Organised relief programs

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 14) What were the Government responses after the Drought in California?

* State of emergency declared | * Fines of $500 for wasteful use of water

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 8) What were the local responses after the Drought in Ethiopia?

• People educated on new farming methods

[CASE STUDY: Drought] 15) What were the local responses after the Drought in California?

* Lawns left to go brown * Less showers * Farmers pump ground water