paper 1 things I forget/ haven't mastered Flashcards
encoding specificity principle
the cue must be available at the time of memory and again at recall.
response bias explanation
the actual memory is not distorted the wording of the question just influences how we answer
substitution explanation
the actual memory is distorted by the wording of the question so the actual memory is altered
memory contamination
speaking with others about an event combines misinformation from other witnesses with their own memory of events
memory conformity
going along with others to win social approval or because we think they are right
name of the curve that shows optimum levels of anxiety for memory
yerkes dodson curve
the enhanced cognitive interview
how and when to use eye contact
methods to reduce anxiety
minimising distractions
open ended questions
obedience levels when moved location in milgrams experiment
47.5%
obedience when experimenter wore normal clothes
20%
cross cultural research evaluation for obedience
a Dutch study ordered interviewers to say stressful things to candidates, 90% obeyed however is a similar culture to the USA
what are binding factors
things that keep us in agentic state which allow us to minimise the effect of the behaviour therefore reducing the moral strain of how we are feeling
cultural differences for legitmiacy of authority
australia 16% Germany 85% obedience
synchronic consistency
consistency between people ie they all say the same
diachronic consistency
consistent over time
6 steps to social change
DCDASS
draw attention - makes people aware of an issue
consistency
deeper processing - makes people think deeper
augmentation principle-some suffered for their views so is taken seriously
snowball effect - more people change
social cryptomnesia - memory changed no one remebers how
pros of statistical infrequency
- objective
- intuitive - makes sense
cons of statistical infrequency
- labelling someone may have adverse effects
2.super smart not considered as abnormal (idd)
pros of deviation from social norms
application - successfully diagnosing APD
pros of failure to function adequately
- patients subjective experience is considered
- measurable - GAF scale measures failure
cons of failure to function adequately
- may be effecting peers more than the patient
- abnormality doesnt always stop normal functioning
cons of deviation from ideal mental health
- unrealistically high standard
- ethnocentric - self actualisation is selfish in some cultures
behavioural characteristics of phobias
PAE
Panic
Avoidance
Endurance - choose to stay in presence
emotional characteristics of phobias
AFE
anxiety
fear
emotional response is unreasonable
cognitive characteristics of phobias
SIC
selective attention
irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortion
behavioural characteristics of depression
ADA
activity levels up or down
disrupted sleeping and eating
aggression and self harm
emotional characteristics of depression
lal
lowered mood
anger
lack of self esteem
cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration
dwelling on the negative
absolutist thinking
3 parts of becks theory
faulty information processing (focus on negatives)
Negative self schemas
Negative cognitive triad
what does ABCDE stand for
activating event, beliefs, consequences, dispute, effect
what is behavioural activation therapy
depressed individuals isolate themselves which maintains symptoms. behavioural activation increasing the amount of mood boosting activities eg going out for a walk
behavioural characteristics of OCD
CA
- compulsions
- avoidance
emotional characteristics of OCD
anxiety
depression
guilt and disgust
cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessions
cognitive coping strategies
awareness thoughts are irrational
neural explanations for OCD
Serotonin -if low transmission of mood relevant information is not passed through successfully
decision making systems - abnormal funtioning in frontal lobe
distinctive roles of the father
more likely to be a playmate and work for stimulation rather than emotional attachments
fathers a pcg
pcg fathers like pcg mothers spent more time smiling imitating and interacting with the baby the scg fathers showing fathers can be pcgs
evaluations as fathers as the pcg
+ applications- reassures single mothers and homosexual parents as well as reassuring the mother that they do not necessarily need to stay at home to be the pcg
- unintentional observer bias - researchers see what they want to see based on preconceptions
-conflicting evidence - grossman says fathers have a key role to play but this suggests single mother or lesbian households would have children behaving differently however studies show the families can adapt to fill gaps in roles
what is the unconditioned stimulus in learning theory
the food
what is the conditioned stimulus in learning theory
the mother (as baby has been conditioned to associate the mother with the food)
ijzendoorns study
32 studies over 8 countries in a meta analysis
individualist cultures were similar to the original study
collectivist cultures had increased resistant rates and reduced avoidant rates
simonellas study
repeated strange situation in italy found secure rates were lowered possibly bc of people relying on child care and working more
what is disinhibited attachment
when a specific attachment has not been formed symptoms include clinginess and attention seeking
