Memory

Question 1

coding research- Baddley

Answer 1

A- to see if there was a difference in encoding between the STM and LTM
P- different lists of words given to 4 groups:
- acoustically similar
- acoustically dissimilar
- semantically similar
- semantically dissimilar
STM - tested on immediate recall of word lists
LTM- tested on delayed recall of word lists
F- STM- worse on acoustically similar words (acoustic confusion)
LTM worse on semantically similar words (semantic confusion)
C- suggests STM is coded acoustically and LTM semantically

Question 2

capacity research- Jacobs digit span technique

Answer 2

ppts given a sequence of digits to remember to show their digit span capacity.
9.3- numbers
7.3- letters

Question 3

capacity research- Miller

Answer 3

observed things come in 7s (notes on a keyboard, days of the week) so we remember 7 things+/-2.
Chunking increases capacity

Question 4

duration research- Peterson and Peterson

Answer 4

given trigrams (e.g avd) and asked to count backwards (preventing rehearsal)
After 3seconds 80% recalled, after 18seconds 11% recalled

Question 5

duration research- Harry Bahrick

Answer 5

400 ppts aged 17-74 shown names and faces of old classmates.
15 years ago- 90% recall
48 years ago- 80% recall of names and 70% recall of faces

Question 6

working memory model evidence- Baddley et al

Answer 6

ppts had to track a moving light with a pointer (a visual task) and had to do one of the following
1) a visual task
2) a verbal task

Found that if the same slave systems were used it was harder to perform the task

Question 7

working memory model case study- KF

Answer 7

suffered brain damage. Could recall verbal information but not visual. Shows that there are separate STM stores managing visual (visuospatial sketchpad) and verbal (phonological loop) information

Question 8

Multistore memory model evidence- case study to support- HM

Answer 8

had surgery for epilepsy removing the hippocampus on both hemispheres
LTM tested over and over with no improvement however the STM was less badly affected
supports that there are 2 separate memory stores LTM and STM

Question 9

Multistore memory model evidence- evidence for existence of stores- Murdock

Answer 9

P- shown a list of word, each word for 2 seconds and had to recall in any order
F
- words at end recalled first (recency
effect)
- words at start recalled well (primary
effect)
- words in middle recalled poorly
C- the last few words were in the STM and the first few words flowed into the LTM

Question 10

Types of long term memory case study HM

Answer 10

had surgery for epilepsy removing the hippocampus on both hemispheres
episodic memory (events in life) damaged but semantic memory still in tact (facts/words/concepts)

Question 11

(forgetting interference) evidence
supporting retroactive interference- underwood and postman

Answer 11

Lab experiment, 2 groups of participants

Group 1- asked to learn a list of word pairs, then asked to learn a second list of word pair where the first word was the same word as the original list
Group 2- asked to learn the original list only
Both groups tested on recall of the original list only

F- group 2 recalled better suggesting that the second list interfered with the original list in group 1

Question 11

types of long term memory- evidence for the 3 stores- Tulving

Answer 11

brain scans showed that when episodic memory was being used the frontal lobe was active but when semantic memory used the back cortex was active showing that there are separate systems.

Question 12

(forgetting interference) evidence supporting proactive interference- underwood

Answer 12

reviewed studies found that ppts given more than 15 lists of words to remember could only recall 15% of the words on the last list
suggests that earlier word lists interfered with being able to learn new word lists

Question 13

forgetting-retrieval failure - encoding specifity principle ( the cue needs to be present at coding and retrieval)
Tulving and Pearlston

Answer 13

ppts to recall 48 words in 1/12 categories
after each word the cue was given e.g gem
with cue= 60%
without cue= 40%

Question 14

forgetting-retrieval failure - context dependant forgetting (external cues e.g surroundings/situation)
Godden and Baddley

Answer 14

18 divers into 4 groups asked to learn the same list of words
-G1- learn on beach recall on beach
-G2- learn on beach recall underwater
-G3- learn underwater recall underwater
-G4- learn underwater recall on beach
found that recall was better when learnt and recalled in the same setting

Question 15

forgetting-retrieval failure - state dependant forgetting ( internal cues, mood drugs etc)
Carter and Cassaday

Answer 15

ppts given antihistamines (sedative effect) and recall was tested
compared to a control group- non sedated

found that recall was better when in the same state as learning

Question 16

Loftus and Palmer study 1

Answer 16

shown a film of a car crash and asked what speed was the car going when it **** each other
smashed
collided
bumped
hit
contacted

Question 17

loftus and palmer study 2

Answer 17

150 students viewed a film of a car crash and asked how fast the car was going when it
- smashed (50 ppts)
- hit (50 ppts)
- No question (control - 50 ppts)
One week later asked 10 questions with one critical question : did you see any broken glass (there was none)
Most smashed answered yes suggesting memory can be altered by a verb

Question 18

gabbert (post event discussion evidence)

Answer 18

put in pairs and watched a film of a crime from 2 different perspectives. Then discussed
71% recalled things not in their film

Question 19

johnson and scott (anxiety has a negative impact on recall)

Answer 19

ppts in a waiting room overhear an argument
low anxiety condition - man walks out with greasy pen and hands = 49% correct identification from a line up
high anxiety condition - man walks out with a knife covered in blood = 33% correct identification from a line up

Question 20

yuille and cutshall (anxiety has a positive effect on recall)

Answer 20

shop owner shot dead in canada
were interviewed immediately and 4 months later and their stress levels recorded
high stress= 88% accuracy
low stress = 75% accuracy

Question 21

valentine (support for anxiety having a negative effect on recall)

Answer 21

asked to pick out a person from a lineup found in a scary maze
17% high anxiety group correct
75% low anxiety group correct

Question 22

christianson (support for anxiety having a positive effect on recall)

Answer 22

real life bank robbery, those who were more involved eg bank workers had better recall than less involved bystanders

Question 23

geisleman (support for cognitive interview)

Answer 23

ppts watched video of a violent crime and interviewed 48 hrs later
cognitve interview = 41 correctly recalled fact
police interview = 29 correctly recalled fact