Attachment

Question 1

Harlow 1958

Answer 1

Wire mother dispensing milk and cloth mother presented to a baby rhesus monkey
The monkey went to wire mother for food but to cloth monkey for comfort especially when frightened
Shows that comfort contact plays key role in attachment

Question 2

Lorenz 1935

Answer 2

12 goose eggs split - 6 incubated (experimental group) 6 in nature (control group)
• incubated groups first moving object was Lorenz the control groups was the mother
• then Lorenz mixed the two groups and made observations
• he left a critical period in between time taken from hatching and seeing the first moving object

Findings:
• both groups followed their original imprinting even when mixed
• imprinting occurred within a few hours if not seen a moving object within that time then no attachment at all was made

Question 3

Sexual imprinting case study - Lorenz

Answer 3

Animals imprinted to other species showed courtship behaviour towards that species later on in life
- peacock showing mating signs toward giant tortoise as was born in a zoo

Question 4

feldman and eidelman

Answer 4

babies have alert phases which mothers pick up 2/3s of the time

Question 5

brazelton

Answer 5

babies have an interactive role unlike traditional views that they are passive

Question 6

meltzoff and moore

Answer 6

interactional synchrony can begin at 2 weeks old, showed babies 3 facial expressions and they reacted to them all

Question 7

isabella

Answer 7

observed 30 mothers and found those with higher levels of synchrony had better attachments

Question 8

schaffer and emersons stages of attachment

Answer 8

60 babies from working class glasgow families visited every month for 1 year. Mother asked what kind of protest the babies showed for 7 every day separations
25-30 weeks - 50% showed protest at separation
40 weeks - 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple attachments

attachment was closer to those who were most interactive to signals, not just who spends the most time

Question 9

grossman

Answer 9

fathers had a more playful relationship based on play and stimulation

Question 10

field

Answer 10

filmed 4 month old babies in f2f interactions with pcg mothers, pcg fathers and scg father. PCG fathers like pcg mothers spent more time smiling and interacting with baby

Question 11

McCallum

Answer 11

single mother and lesbian households the same as any other - is the fathers role as significant as suggested

Question 12

Regolin

Answer 12

showed chicks shapes that moved - they continued to follow this shape over others

Question 13

schaffer and emerson (cupoboard love evaluation)

Answer 13

babies attach to mother regardless of food, its is about quality of interaction

Question 14

hazan and shaver love quiz

Answer 14

produced a love quiz and found a positive correalation between positive relationships and past attachment history

Question 15

bailey

Answer 15

mothers reporting poor attachment with their own parents had poorer attachment with their babies

Question 16

ainsworths strange situation

Answer 16

100 middle class americans and their infants
Child encouraged to play and explore - tests exploration and secure base
Stranger enters and attempts to interact - tests stranger anxiety
Caregiver leaves baby and stranger - tests separation and stranger anxiety
Caregiver returns, stranger leaves - tests reunion behaviour and exploration of secure base
Caregiver leaves child alone - tests separation anxiety
Stranger returns - tests stranger anxiety
Caregiver returns - tests reunion behaviour
F= 66%secure 22%avoidant 12%resistant

Question 17

Bick

Answer 17

tested inter rater reliability from the strange situation and found 94% agreement showing high reliability

Question 18

kokkinos

Answer 18

insecure resistant likely to be bullied

Question 19

takahashi

Answer 19

doesnt work for japanese cultures as baby is rarely away from mother so is more anxious, also at reunion mother rushes to scoop baby up to reaction cant be tested

Question 20

Main and solomon

Answer 20

babies show attachment style that is not one of the three categories - more than just 3 types

Question 21

ijzendoorn

Answer 21

meta analysis of 32 strange situation studies across 8 countries with 1990 children
- secure most common but varied
- individualist countries had resistant rates similar to the original study
- collectivist cultures had higher resistant rates and reduced avoidant rates
-greater variation within countries than between eg usa one state had 46% secure and another had 90%

Question 22

simonella

Answer 22

study in italy found lower secure tates due to increased working hours and use of childcare

Question 23

jin

Answer 23

korean study comparing to other countries, insecure and secure proportions were similar but only 1 of the insecure was avoidant

Question 24

sagi

Answer 24

urban japan had similar to the west but a rural area had over representation of resistant - ijzendoorn did not account for this

Question 25

bowlby 44 thieves

Answer 25

Studied 88 children (opportunity sample) - 44 thieves 44 had emotional issues matched in terms of age and IQ (no extraneous variables)
Child assess on iq and emotional attitude
Mother interviewed on separation/ relationship with family
Bowlby also interviewed the child and mother
14 affectionless psychopaths / 44 thieves with 12 of those APs having prolonged separation
0 affectionless psychopaths/ 44 emotionally disturbed with 2 of those having prolonged separation.

Question 26

levy

Answer 26

separating baby rats for as little as 1 day impacted their social development

Question 27

lewis

Answer 27

re did the 44 theives study on a larger scale and found prolonged separation did not predict criminality

Question 28

kolchuva

Answer 28

czechoslovakian twins that were isolated as children developed normally once rehomed despite it being outside of the critical period

Question 29

rutter

Answer 29

165 romanian orphans 11 adopted before 2 and 54 adopted before 4 in britain to test if quality care can make up for deprivation. Compared to 52 british adoptees as a control
physical emotional and cognitive tests given and interviewed parents and teachers at ages 4,6,11,15
all romanian developmentally behind
by age 4 almost all those adopted before 6 months had caught up
59 romanian orphans adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment and IQ 86
48 romanian orpahns adopted after 2 years showed disinhibited attachment and IQ 77

Question 30

Kerns

Answer 30

secure will have good friendships while insecure will struggle making and maintaining friendships

Question 31

wilson and smith

Answer 31

insecure avoidant most likely to be bullied and insecure resistant more likely to be the bully. Secure has no interaction

Question 32

Quinton

Answer 32

women who had been institutuionalised were more likely to have children in care themselves