Attachment Flashcards
Harlow 1958
Wire mother dispensing milk and cloth mother presented to a baby rhesus monkey
The monkey went to wire mother for food but to cloth monkey for comfort especially when frightened
Shows that comfort contact plays key role in attachment
Lorenz 1935
12 goose eggs split - 6 incubated (experimental group) 6 in nature (control group)
• incubated groups first moving object was Lorenz the control groups was the mother
• then Lorenz mixed the two groups and made observations
• he left a critical period in between time taken from hatching and seeing the first moving object
Findings:
• both groups followed their original imprinting even when mixed
• imprinting occurred within a few hours if not seen a moving object within that time then no attachment at all was made
Sexual imprinting case study - Lorenz
Animals imprinted to other species showed courtship behaviour towards that species later on in life
- peacock showing mating signs toward giant tortoise as was born in a zoo
feldman and eidelman
babies have alert phases which mothers pick up 2/3s of the time
brazelton
babies have an interactive role unlike traditional views that they are passive
meltzoff and moore
interactional synchrony can begin at 2 weeks old, showed babies 3 facial expressions and they reacted to them all
isabella
observed 30 mothers and found those with higher levels of synchrony had better attachments
schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
60 babies from working class glasgow families visited every month for 1 year. Mother asked what kind of protest the babies showed for 7 every day separations
25-30 weeks - 50% showed protest at separation
40 weeks - 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple attachments
attachment was closer to those who were most interactive to signals, not just who spends the most time
grossman
fathers had a more playful relationship based on play and stimulation
field
filmed 4 month old babies in f2f interactions with pcg mothers, pcg fathers and scg father. PCG fathers like pcg mothers spent more time smiling and interacting with baby
McCallum
single mother and lesbian households the same as any other - is the fathers role as significant as suggested
Regolin
showed chicks shapes that moved - they continued to follow this shape over others
schaffer and emerson (cupoboard love evaluation)
babies attach to mother regardless of food, its is about quality of interaction
hazan and shaver love quiz
produced a love quiz and found a positive correalation between positive relationships and past attachment history
bailey
mothers reporting poor attachment with their own parents had poorer attachment with their babies
ainsworths strange situation
100 middle class americans and their infants
Child encouraged to play and explore - tests exploration and secure base
Stranger enters and attempts to interact - tests stranger anxiety
Caregiver leaves baby and stranger - tests separation and stranger anxiety
Caregiver returns, stranger leaves - tests reunion behaviour and exploration of secure base
Caregiver leaves child alone - tests separation anxiety
Stranger returns - tests stranger anxiety
Caregiver returns - tests reunion behaviour
F= 66%secure 22%avoidant 12%resistant
Bick
tested inter rater reliability from the strange situation and found 94% agreement showing high reliability
kokkinos
insecure resistant likely to be bullied
takahashi
doesnt work for japanese cultures as baby is rarely away from mother so is more anxious, also at reunion mother rushes to scoop baby up to reaction cant be tested
Main and solomon
babies show attachment style that is not one of the three categories - more than just 3 types
ijzendoorn
meta analysis of 32 strange situation studies across 8 countries with 1990 children
- secure most common but varied
- individualist countries had resistant rates similar to the original study
- collectivist cultures had higher resistant rates and reduced avoidant rates
-greater variation within countries than between eg usa one state had 46% secure and another had 90%
simonella
study in italy found lower secure tates due to increased working hours and use of childcare
jin
korean study comparing to other countries, insecure and secure proportions were similar but only 1 of the insecure was avoidant
sagi
urban japan had similar to the west but a rural area had over representation of resistant - ijzendoorn did not account for this
bowlby 44 thieves
Studied 88 children (opportunity sample) - 44 thieves 44 had emotional issues matched in terms of age and IQ (no extraneous variables)
Child assess on iq and emotional attitude
Mother interviewed on separation/ relationship with family
Bowlby also interviewed the child and mother
14 affectionless psychopaths / 44 thieves with 12 of those APs having prolonged separation
0 affectionless psychopaths/ 44 emotionally disturbed with 2 of those having prolonged separation.
levy
separating baby rats for as little as 1 day impacted their social development
lewis
re did the 44 theives study on a larger scale and found prolonged separation did not predict criminality
kolchuva
czechoslovakian twins that were isolated as children developed normally once rehomed despite it being outside of the critical period
rutter
165 romanian orphans 11 adopted before 2 and 54 adopted before 4 in britain to test if quality care can make up for deprivation. Compared to 52 british adoptees as a control
physical emotional and cognitive tests given and interviewed parents and teachers at ages 4,6,11,15
all romanian developmentally behind
by age 4 almost all those adopted before 6 months had caught up
59 romanian orphans adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment and IQ 86
48 romanian orpahns adopted after 2 years showed disinhibited attachment and IQ 77
Kerns
secure will have good friendships while insecure will struggle making and maintaining friendships
wilson and smith
insecure avoidant most likely to be bullied and insecure resistant more likely to be the bully. Secure has no interaction
Quinton
women who had been institutuionalised were more likely to have children in care themselves
