Paper 1 -Skeleton

Question 1

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

Cranium
Rib cage
Sternum
Vertebrae

Question 2

Which bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

All of the bones in the limbs
Clavicle, scalpula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 3

All of the bones in the body

Answer 3

Cranium, mandible, clavicle, rib cage, sternum, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

Question 4

What are the six skeleton functions?

Answer 4

Movement, protection, shape, support, blood cell production, mineral storage.

Question 5

Movement (skeleton function)

Answer 5

-the bones meet to form joints and act as levers. Muscles attach to the bone and pull therefore producing movement.
-short bones provide small movement, long bones provide large movements.
-e.g in a marathon the skeleton levers allow muscles to pull and relax the limbs to move the legs continuously.

Question 6

Protection (skeleton function)

Answer 6

-the bones of the skeleton protect the vital organs and reduce the risk of injury on impact.
E.g the Cranium protects the brain the Rib cage protects the heart and lungs the Vertebrea protects the spinal cord.
- during a tackle in rugby you need your pelvis to provide you protection for your reproductive system when your getting tackled.

Question 7

Shape (skeleton function)

Answer 7

• the skeleton gives the body the correct shape
  -the correct shape helps you to have a good posture which is essential in sports.
  -shape is important in gymnastics because good posture is needed during skills such as handstands. This would allow the performer to remain vertical and score points.

Question 8

Support (skeleton function)

Answer 8

• the skeleton keeps the body upright and helps the body weight move.
• it allows individuals to maintain the correct body position in order to perform successfully and avoid injury.
  -support is needed in weight lifting. The skeleton allows the body to hold the weight and support the body during the lift.

Question 9

Blood cell production (skeleton function)

Answer 9

• certain bones contain bone marrow, which produces red blood cells.
• bones such as the humerus and femur can produce blood cells in the bone marrow.
• red blood cells are important for helping transport oxygen.
• during cycling w Tour de France stage, the red blood cells produced will carry oxygen to the working muscles in the legs. This will give the cyclist energy and help avoid lactic acid and fatigue so they can pedal uphill for longer and quicker.

Question 10

Mineral storage (skeleton function)

Answer 10

• the bones store minerals and release them into the blood when the body needs them.
• the bones store minerals such as calcium and iron
• calcium helps with bone strength and repairs
• iron helps with the transport of oxygen to the working muscles
• bone strength is needed in kick-boxing to avoid injury such as broken bones. Strength is needed in the cranium when being hit by a knockout punch. The calcium minerals help reduce bone injury.

Question 11

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 11

A synovial joint is where two or more bones meet. It is a freely moveable joint (provides different ranges of movement)

Question 12

What is in a synovial joint?

Answer 12

A synovial joint contains cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, ligament, tendon, muscle, bone, joint capsule.
-joints - pivot joint, ball and socket joint, hinge joint.

Question 13

Dorsiflexion

Answer 13

-only in ankle
- the movement at the ankles where the toes are pulled up towards the knee.
E.g when curving the ball in football.

Question 14

Plantarflexion

Answer 14

-only in the ankle
-the movement of the ankle where the toes are pointed down towards the ground.
E.g when diving in a 100m dive.

Question 15

Rotation

Answer 15

-A turning or twisting action around a joint.
E.g a forehand or backhand in table tennis.

Question 16

Adduction

Answer 16

-the movement of a limb towards the centre line (adding it back to the body)
E.g in a 100m swimming competition when bringing your arms back from breaststroke.

Question 17

Abduction

Answer 17

• the movement of a limb away from the centre line (taken away by aliens)
  E.g in basketball when brining your arms up to block a shot.

Question 18

Circumduction

Answer 18

-the combination of flexion, Extension, abduction and adduction.
E.g in cricket when bowling the ball.

Question 19

Flexion

Answer 19

-in hinge joints only
-the decreasing of an angle at a joint( such as benign a limb)
E.g in darts when being your arm back, the elbow flexis.

Question 20

Extension

Answer 20

-hinge joints only
-the increasing of an angle at a joint(such as straightening a limb)
E.g when kicking a penalty in football your hamstring extends.

Question 21

Cartilage (synovial joint)

Answer 21

-cartilage is a soft connective tissue.
-the ends of bones are covered in cartilage.
-cartilage protects the joint by reducing friction and absorbing shock.
-cartilage can also aid movement.

Question 22

Synovial fluid (synovial joint)

Answer 22

-we have a synovial fluid in the joint cavity that lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly.
-it is made by the synovial membrane.

Question 23

Synovial membrane (synovial joint)

Answer 23

-this is where the synovial fluid is made
-holds the fluid within the joint.

Question 24

Ligament (synovial joint)

Answer 24

-the bones in a synovial joint are connected by ligaments.
-they connect bone to bone and help keep the joint together.
-they stabilise the joints during movement and prevent dislocation by restricting movement outside the normal joint range.

Question 25

Tendons (synovial joint)

Answer 25

-tendons are very strong, non-elastic connective tissue that allows muscle to pull on a bone to move it.
-tendons connect muscle to bone.

Question 26

Head/neck , which joint? , information abouts and example of

Answer 26

-pivot joint
-articulating bones are the vertebrea and cranium
-allows bones to rotate around each other - 360degrees. In the neck the muscles limit it from doing 360degrees
E.g heading the ball in football.

Question 27

Shoulder . Joint? and information about

Answer 27

-ball and socket joint.
-articulating bones are the humerus and the scapula.
-allows the largest range of movement, only ball and socket joints can move in all directions.
-a too sudden of a movement can lead to dislocation.

Question 28

Knee, joint? and information

Answer 28

-hinge joint.
Articulating bones are the tibia, femur and patella.
-contains strong ligaments to hold in place anterior and pastirior, essential n for everyday activities.

Question 29

Anterior and posterior

Answer 29

-Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
-Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
-The popliteus is posterior to the patella.

Question 30

Elbow ,joint?, information and example

Answer 30

-hinge joint
-articulating bones are the humerus, radius and ulna.
-can only flex and extend. Works like a door on its hinges
-allows movement of 180degrees.
E.g when throwing a dart.

Question 31

Ankle, joint?, information and example.

Answer 31

-hinge joint
-articulating bones are the tibia, fibula and tarsals.
-plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Question 32

Hip, joints?, information and example.

Answer 32

-ball and socket joint
-articulating bones are the femur and the pelvis bone.
-360degrees flexibility.
-the most common movement performed at the hip is flexion-bringing the legs forwards from the hip and extension- bringing the legs backwards from the hips.