Paper 1 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Facts about the blood

Answer 1

-part of the cardiovascular system.
-the blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients.
-there are 8-10 pints of blood in your body.
-which is around 4.7litres.
-it takes approximately 20seconds for blood to circulate the body AT rest.

Question 2

The cardiovascular system.

Answer 2

-the cardiovascular system is only the heart, blood vessels and the blood.

Question 3

Heart, cardiovascular system.

Answer 3

Starts 1.superior vena cava. 2.right artum. 3.tricuspid valve. 4.right ventricle. 5.pulmonary valve. 6.pulmonary artery. 7.right lung to them the left lung. 8.pulmonary vein. 9.left artum. 10.bicuspid valve. 11.left ventricle. 12.aortic valve. 13.aorta. 14.then to the body.
-(kind of like two “V”s).

Question 4

Respiratory system

Answer 4

-the respiratory system is a network of organs and tissues that help you breath.
-it includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels.
-the respiratory system has two main jobs which are 1.to deliver oxygen to your muscles and 2.to remove waste product, which is carbon dioxide.

Question 5

What are the 5 key pathways of air through the respiratory system?

Answer 5

1.nose\mouth. 2.trachea. 3.bronchi. 4.bronchioles. 5.alveoli.

Question 6

Where are the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles?

Answer 6

-the diaphragm sits beneath the lungs.
-the intercostal muscles lie between the ribs.

Question 7

The diaphragm in respiration.

Answer 7

-when the diaphragm contracts it moves downwards into a flatter position which allows the lungs to expand and take in air(inhalation).
-when the diaphragm relaxes it moves upwards into a dome shape which forced air out of the lungs(exhalation).

Question 8

The intercostal muscles in respiration

Answer 8

-the intercostal muscles contract in order to expand the rib cage and also help open up the lungs in inhalation.
-as the intercostal muscles relax the rib cage drops inwards and downwards to help with exhalation.

Question 9

The lungs in respiration.

Answer 9

The lungs can expand further during exercise due to the use of the pectorals and the sternocleidmadtoid. The pectorals are the chest muscles, and the sternocleidmoastoid is a muscle at the side of the neck.
The contraction of each of these muscles helps to force more air into the lungs.

Question 10

The abdominals during expiration

Answer 10

During expiration the abdominals assist out respiratory system by contracting which forces air out of the lungs.

Question 11

Gas exchange

Answer 11

-Gas exchange takes place at the site of the lungs, when the air reaches the alveoli, oxygen will pass through the thin walls of the tiny air sacs, in order to enter the bloodstream, likewise carbon dioxide will move its way from the bloodstream into the alveoli and the lungs in order to be exhaled.(the alveoli is surrounded by capillaries to make it possible for the air to move between the lungs and the bloodstream).
-gas exchange takes place due to diffusion. ( diffusion- the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration).

Question 12

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, alveoli and the bloodstream.

Answer 12

-At the site of the lungs the alveoli have a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide.
-Therefore the oxygen will travel from a place of high concentration the alveoli to a place of low concentration the bloodstream.
-this is known as moving along the concentration gradient.
-carbon dioxide will follow the same principle as it moves from the bloodstream to the lungs.

Question 13

Arteries

Answer 13

-arteries take blood around the body from/away from the heart.
-arteries transport oxygenated blood, the only artery that has deoxygenated blood is the pulmonary artery(in the heart).
-the blood is under high pressure therefore it travels at high speeds.
- has thick muscular walls that contract for high blood pressure
-the size of the lumen is small.
-arteries do NOT have valves.(travels at high enough speeds there’s no back flow).

Question 14

Veins

Answer 14

-veins take blood to the heart.
-the blood is under low pressure(at its lowest).
-does have valves to prevent back flow.
-has thin muscular walls.
-the size of the lumen is large.
-the veins transport deoxygenated blood. The only exception is which has oxygenated blood is the pulmonary vein(in the heart).

Question 15

Blood facts

Answer 15

-part of the cardiovascular system.
-the blood transports oxygen,carbon dioxide and nutrients.
-there are 8-10pints of blood in your body which is around 4.7litres.
-it takes approximately 20 seconds for blood to circulate the body AT rest.

Question 16

Capillaries

Answer 16

-links arteries and veins together.
-walls are one cell thick, which allows gas exchange.
-they run across the alveoli and assist with gaseous exchange.
-capillaries are microscopic.

Question 17

Valve

Answer 17

-a valve prevents the back flow of blood.

Question 18

Blood pressure

Answer 18

Blood is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures : systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

Question 19

Systolic pressure

Answer 19

-systolic pressure is the pressure of blood leaving the left ventricle.

Question 20

Diastolic pressure

Answer 20

-diastolic pressure is the pressure of blood when your heart rests between beats (when it refills).

Question 21

Average/ideal blood pressure

Answer 21

As a general guide the avarage/ideal blood pressure is considered to be 120/80 mmHg

Question 22

Redistribution of blood

Answer 22

This is where blood is directed towards the working muscles and away from the inactive organs during exercise via the vascular shunt mechanism during exercise.

Question 23

The vascular shunt mechanism

Answer 23

This is the shunting/moving of blood between tissues (muscles and organs) via vasodilation.

Question 24

Vasodilation

Answer 24

The artery walls expand to allow more blood to flow through the working muscles.

Question 25

Vasoconstriction

Answer 25

The artery walls narrow and close to allow blood to be stopped to inactive organs and muscles.

Question 26

Red blood cells

Answer 26

-reb blood cells contain haemoglobin, a substance that allows oxygen to bind and be carried. As a result Feb blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport.
-they are key to all sports that require a level of aerobic endurance, because they ensure that muscles have the oxygen for energy which they need to be able to perform effectively.

Question 27

White blood cells

Answer 27

-white blood cells are part of the immune system.
-they travel in blood and fight disease and infection.
-the are responsible for keeping athletes healthy ensuring a sports person can train and compete.

Question 28

Platelets

Answer 28

-platelets clot blood and scab around the site of an injury to seal open wounds.
-this is crucial to stop excessive bleeding and to heal the body quickly in order to prevent infection.
-this is important for a sports performer as it will stop injuries becoming life threatening.

Question 29

Plasma

Answer 29

-plasma is the watery fluid part of blood that makes it a liquid.
-without plasma,blood would not flow, and would therefore not be able to travel around the body.
-plasma also carries nutrients the body needs.

Question 30

Key facts about the heart

Answer 30

-the average resting heart rate(HR) is 60-80bpm.
-a lower resting HR is a good indicator of fitness.
-a trained athlete’s resting HR falls below 60bpm this is known as bradycardia.
-the heart is approximately the size of your fist (200g-400g)
-heart rate (HR) is measured in beats per minute(bpm)
-220 take you age = approximately you highest bpm E.g 220-15=205

Question 31

Anticipatory rise

Answer 31

-the rise of the heart rate before exercise is known as as the anticipatory rise.
-this is caused by adrenaline being released before taking part.

Question 32

SV

Answer 32

-stoke volume
-the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle, per each beat.

Question 33

Q

Answer 33

-(cardiac output)
-the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
-the calculation is Q=SV*HR
(cardiac output= stroke volume (times by) heart rate)

Question 34

The pathway of air

Answer 34

1.the nostrils bring air in,where it is filtered, warmed and moistened.
2.next is the Larynx which is where our voice box is found.
3.the trachea is kept open by strong rings of cartilage.
4.the trachea divides into two branches known as as the bronchi.
5.the bronchioles end in tiny air sacs known as alveoli.
6.here oxygen passed from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
7.at the same time carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in air sacs.
8.this is because particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to find a balance.
9.carbon dioxide is then exhaled and the cycle starts again.

Question 35

Inhalation to exhalation, gas exchange in the alveoli

Answer 35

When we inhale a high concentration of oxygen gets into the alveoli and diffuses through the singular wall then through the singular capillary wall and into the blood then to the left pulmonary of the heart. When blood returns in a high concentration of carbon dioxide then passed through the walls of the capillary to the alveoli in a low concentration which is then exhaled.

Question 36

Alveoli facts

Answer 36

-the alveoli have moist thin walls, which are perfect for gas to diffuse through.
-there are around 400million alveoli in your lungs providing a large surface area.
-the capillaries and alveoli are very close so that gases only have to diffuse across a short distance.
-the blood supply(capillaries) to the alveoli is high so that lots of gas can be carried away quickly.

Question 37

Inhalation process (intercostal muscles and diaphragm)

Answer 37

The intercostal muscles contract, the rib cage goes up and out,then the diaphragm contracts and flattens. These two things expand the size/volume of the thoracic cavity. These two things lungs expand the air pressure in the lungs drops meaning that air can rush in.

Question 38

Exhalation process (intercostal muscles and diaphragm)

Answer 38

The intercostal muscles relax. These two things rib cage then goes down and in, the diaphragm then relaxes and forms back to a dome shape. These two things then decrease the size/volume of the thoracic cavity. The lungs then get smaller, the air pressure gets higher therefore the air rushes out.

Question 39

Inspiration (and what helps it during exercise)

Answer 39

The pectorals help out during inspiration as the muscles lift the sternum and clavicle out further to increase the volume of the lungs. Therefore the lungs can expand more during exercise, so you can inhale more air.

Question 40

Expiration (and what helps it during exercise)

Answer 40

The abdominals help by contracting and pushing the diaphragm to a dome shape faster. Therefore lungs can then force the air out faster during exercise to get rid of the carbon dioxide quicker.

Question 41

Respiratory rate

Answer 41

The number of breaths taken in one minute.

Question 42

Tidal volume

Answer 42

-a volume/amount of air breathed in and out per breath.
-as you sit normally now you are breathing in approximately 500ml of air.
-of the appropriate 500ml of air breathed in around 2/3s (350ml) reaches the alveoli in the lungs.
-the remaining 150ml of air fills the Larynx, trachea,bronchi and bronchioles and is known as residual air, this keeps the airway open and prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Question 43

Minute volume

Answer 43

-the amount of air that passed through the lungs in one minute.
-the equation for this is, respiratory rate *(times) tidal volume = minute volume.