Paper 1 - Reproduction

Question 1

In plants, how is the ovary adapted for pollination?

Answer 1

Contains ovules to be fertilised

Question 2

In plants, how is the style adapted for pollination?

Answer 2

• Long and strong to hold up the stigma
• Pollen tube grows down style and into the ovary

Question 3

In plants, how are the anthers adapted for pollination?

Answer 3

• Produces pollen
• Insects can brush against it to pick up pollen
• Wind can blow it away to carry pollen to other plants

Question 4

Describe the structure of a wind-pollinated flower

Answer 4

• Feathered stigma
• Less exposed anthers
• Style
• Filament
• Small and not colourful petal
• No nectaries
• Overy
• Sepal

Question 5

Describe the structure of an insect-pollinated flower

Answer 5

• Stigma
• Exposed anthers
• Style
• Filament
• Colourful and large petal
• Nectaries
• Overy
• Sepal

Question 7

How is the sepal adapted for pollination?

Answer 7

• Forms helmet shape
• To protect the developing flower

Question 8

How is the stigma adapted for pollination?

Answer 8

It is sticky to allow pollen to stick to it securely

Question 9

How many daughter cells does meiosis create?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

What are the daughter cells of meiosis called?

Answer 10

Haploids

Question 11

What happens to the ovules when the pollen tube grows and the ovule is fertilised?

Answer 11

Turns into fruit

Question 12

What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 12

Builds up uterus lining

Question 13

What is the name given to the short sprout from a seedling that grows up/down shorter after germination?

Answer 13

Grows up : Plumule
Grows down : Radicle

Question 14

How is the male reproductive system adapted for its function?

Answer 14

• Seminal gland produces seminal fluid to keep sperm cells alive when travelling to the egg
• Penis’ external location allows for ejaculation into the vagina
• Urethra is elastic and stretchy so can allow for differing volumes of semen or urine to pass through
• Testicles are highly sensitive to protect them so they can produce sperm
• Foreskin insulates and protects the penis to keep sperm warm and alive
• Scrotum insulates and protects the testicles to keep them warm so that they can produce sperm

Question 15

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Maintains uterus lining

Question 16

What are the roles of oestrogen in the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 16

• Widen hips for child birth
• Breast development
• Pubic hair growth
• Periods begin

Question 17

How do germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can photosynthesize?

Answer 17

• Water is used to activate enzymes to break starch down into Glucose
• O2 is used for respiration to produce ATP energy
• Warmth allows enzymes to work faster

Question 18

What is the role of the placenta in the nutrition and development of the embryo?

Answer 18

• Villi provide a large surface area for fast diffusion of nutrients
• Capillaries remove waste products
• Capillaries carry blood to and from the placenta to maintain a concentration gradient
• Short distance between mother’s and embryo’s blood for fast diffusion of nutrients

Question 19

How can plants reproduce?

Answer 19

• Asexually by natural methods (like runners)
• Asexually by artificial methods (like cuttings)
• Sexually by insect or wind pollination

Question 20

What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Answer 20

• There is no genetic variation in asexual reproduction but there is in sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction does not require a mate but sexual reproduction does
• 100% of advantageous alleles are passed on in asexual reproduction but there is no guarantee of this in sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is favoured by most plants but sexual reproduction is favoured by most animals
• Sexual reproduction requires male and female gametes but asexual reproduction does not

Question 21

How is the developing embryo protected by amniotic fluid?

Answer 21

• Acts as a shock absorber
• Protects embryo from bumps

Question 22

How many daughter cells does mitosis create?

Answer 22

2

Question 23

What are the daughter cells of mitosis called?

Answer 23

Diploids

Question 24

How is the petal adapted for insect-pollination?

Answer 24

• Large surface area as a ‘landing pad’ for insects
• Colourful to attract insects

Question 25

How are nectaries adapted for insect-pollination?

Answer 25

Produce nectar to attract insects

Question 26

What is the role of testosterone in the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 26

• Broader shoulders
• Voice breaking
• Body hair
• Sex drive
• Penis size increases

Question 27

How is the filament adapted for pollination?

Answer 27

Holds the anther away from the style so that pollen is not lost

Question 28

What does sexual fertilisation involve?

Answer 28

The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

Question 29

How do plants reproduce asexually?

Answer 29

• Bulbs
• Runners
• Tubers

Question 30

Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 30

Testicles