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Biology > Paper 1 - Cells and Organisms > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Cells and Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe organs

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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2
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A
  • In plants only
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy
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3
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A
  • In plants only
  • It is a sack of plant sap
  • Sap contains glucose and water to be used by the plant for aerobic respiraton
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4
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A
  • Site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)
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5
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A
  • Site of respiration
  • Provide cells with ATP energy they require to function
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6
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • Contains genetic material and DNA
  • Which controls the cell
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7
Q

Give an example of a prokaryote

A
  • Bacteria cell
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8
Q

Describe organ systems

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

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9
Q

Describe organelles

A

Sub-cellular structures that make up a cell which each have different roles

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10
Q

Describe cells

A
  • Basic structural units that group together to form cell tissues
  • Smallest units of life that can replicate independently
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11
Q

Describe organisms

A

Multiple organ systems working together to form the organism

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of eukaryotes

A
  • Animal cells
  • Plant cells
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13
Q

Describe tissues

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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14
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

organelles → cells → tissue → organs → organ systems → organisms

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

M
R
S

C

G
R
E
N

A
  • Movement (independent)
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity to surroundings
  • Control their internal conditions
  • Grow and develop
  • Reproductive
  • Excrete metabolic waste
  • Nutrition is required
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16
Q

Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • Eukaryotes have a nucleus but prokaryotes don’t
  • Eukaryotes have mitochondria but prokaryotes don’t
  • Prokaryotes have a single strand of DNA containing genes needed to survive/reproduce but eukaryotes don’t
  • Prokaryotes have plasmids (extra genes) for antibiotic resistance but eukaryotes don’t
  • Prokaryotes have flagella to propel bacteria but eukaryotes don’t
17
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
  • Plant cells only
  • Made of cellulose to strengthen the cell
  • Prevents cell from bursting if too much water enters
18
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A
  • The site of cellular chemical reactions
19
Q

What does cell membrane do?

A

Controls which substances pass into and out of the cell

20
Q

Describe common features of plants

A
  • multicellular
  • contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • contain cellulose cell wall
  • they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
21
Q

Describe common features of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • do not contain chloroplasts so cannot carry out photosynthesis
  • no cell wall
  • usually have nervous co-ordination
  • they can move from one place to another
  • they store carbohydrates as glycogen
22
Q

Describe common features of fungi

A
  • cannot carry out photosynthesis
  • body is usually organised into a mycelium made of thread-like structures called hyphae which contain many nuclei
  • some are unicellular, some are multicellular
  • their cells have walls made of chitin
  • they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products - saprotrophic nutrition
  • they may store carbohydrate as glycogen
23
Q

Describe common features of protoctists

A
  • microscopic single-celled organisms
  • some live in pond water so have features like an animal cell
  • Others have chloroplasts and are more like plants
24
Q

Describe common features of bacteria

A
  • microscopic single-celled organisms
  • they have a cell wall, cell
    membrane, cytoplasm and plasmid
  • they lack a nucleus but contain a circular
    chromosome of DNA
  • some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off of other living or dead organisms
25
Q

Describe common features of viruses

A
  • not living organisms
  • they are small particles, smaller than
    bacteria
  • they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells
  • they infect every type of living organism
  • they have a wide variety of shapes and sizes
  • they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleicacid, either DNA or RNA

-

26
Q

What are the 4 eukaryotic organisms?

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protoctists
27
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

A
  • Bacteria have flagella but viruses don’t
  • Bacteria are categorized as living organisms but viruses are not
  • Bacteria can divide via mitosis but viruses require a host cell
28
Q

What are 4 different types of pathogen?

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungus
  • Protoctist
29
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a virus

A

AIDS caused by HIV

30
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a bacteria

A

Pneumonia caused by pneumococcus

31
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a fungus

A

Athletes foot

32
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist

A

Malaria caused by plasmodium

Biology (24 decks)

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