Paper 1 - Nutrition

Question 1

What are Magnesium ions needed for?

Answer 1

Production of chlorophyll

Question 2

What do plants require for growth?

Answer 2

Mineral ions

Question 3

Describe a practical which investigates photosynthesis, showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant and the requirements of light

Answer 3

1. Place pond weed in a beaker of water
2. Place a lamp 10cm away
3. Leave for 5 Minutes to allow pond weed to adapt to environment
4. Count the number of air bubbles produced in a fixed period of time
5. Increase distance of lamp to decrease light intensity
6. Repeat process to obtain a range of data and take an average

Question 4

What are nitrate ions needed for?

Answer 4

Production of amino acids

Question 5

What should a balanced diet include appropriate proportions of?

Answer 5

• carbohydrate
• protein
• lipid
• vitamins
• minerals
• water
• dietary fibre

Question 6

How does CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 6

• As the concentration of Carbon Dioxide increases, the rate of Photosynthesis will increase as Carbon Dioxide is a reactant
• However, as concentration of Carbon Dioxide increases beyond a certain point, rate of Photosynthesis with plateau as another factor will be the limiting factor

Question 7

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 7

• As light intensity increases, the rate of Photosynthesis will increase as Photosynthesis can only occur under the presence of light
• However, as light intensity increases beyond a certain point, the rate of Photosynthesis will plateau as another factor is the limiting factor

Question 8

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 8

• At low temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis is low because enzymes do not have much kinetic energy.
• This is because the amount of enzyme substrate collisions is low
• As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase because the amount of enzyme substrate collisions are high
• However, at high temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis decreases, because the active site of the enzyme denatures
• The active site of the enzyme is no longer complementary to the substrate so less enzyme substrate complexes can be formed, and therefore less products can be formed

Question 9

What is a source of protein?

Answer 9

Meat, fish

Question 10

What is a source of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Pasta, Rice, Sugar

Question 11

What is a source of lipids?

Answer 11

• Butter
• Oily fish

Question 12

What is a source of dietary fibre?

Answer 12

• Wholemeal bread
• Fruit

Question 13

What is a source of vitamin A?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

What is a source of Vitamin C?

Answer 14

Oranges

Question 15

What is a source of Vitamin D?

Answer 15

Eggs

Question 16

What is a source of Calcium?

Answer 16

• Cows milk
• Cheese

Question 17

What is a source of Iron?

Answer 17

Red meat

Question 18

How do energy requirements vary with activity levels?

Answer 18

People with lower activity levels require less energy because they use their muscles less and cells respire less

Question 19

How do energy requirements vary with age?

Answer 19

Children and teenagers require more energy than older people as they are growing and more active

Question 20

How do energy requirements vary with pregnancy?

Answer 20

If a woman is pregnant, she will require more energy because she must feed herself and the baby for the baby to develop

Question 21

Describe the structure and function of the mouth

Answer 21

• Teeth grind the food into small pieces
• Salivary glands make saliva
• Saliva wets the food so that it can be easily swallowed
• Saliva contains digestive enzymes which begin to digest some of the food

Question 22

Describe the structure and function of the oesophagus

Answer 22

Muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach

Question 23

Describe the structure and function of the stomach

Answer 23

• Muscles in the stomach churn up food
• The stomach lining produces digestive juices
• Hydrochloric acid aids the breakdown of food at an optimum pH level

Question 24

Describe the structure and function of the small intestine

Answer 24

• Glands in the small intestine lining add digestive juices to the food
• Small digested food molecules can pass into the blood

Question 25

Describe the structure and function of the large intestine

Answer 25

Absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces

Question 26

Describe the structure and function of the rectum

Answer 26

- Solid waste called faeces leaves the anus - Most of the waste is indigestible fibre - Keeps intestine healthy since it gives the muscles in the intestine wall something to push on to move the food along

Question 27

Describe the structure and function of the pancreas

Answer 27

Secretes Insulin or Glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels

Question 28

Define peristalisis

Answer 28

Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contraction that moves food along the gut

Question 29

What is the role of digestive enzymes?

Answer 29

- Digestive enzymes break food molecules down until they are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream - Amylase breaks starch down to maltose - Maltase breaks maltose down to glucose - Proteases break protein down to amino acids - Lipases break lipids down to 3 fatty acid tails and 1 glycerol head

Question 30

Where is bile produced?

Answer 30

Liver

Question 31

Where is bile stored?

Answer 31

Gall bladder

Question 32

What is the role of bile?

Answer 32

- Bile neutralises stomach acid - To set the optimum pH for enzymes - Bile emulsifies fats into smaller droplets - Emulsification increases the surface area for digestion

Question 33

How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients?

Answer 33

- Villi provide a surface area large enough for diffusion so that diffusion occurs faster - Micro-villi increase the surface area further - Villi wall is only 1 cell thick for a short diffusion distance and therefore fast diffusion - Villi has a large blood supply which allows food molecules to be absorbed quickly

Question 34

Describe a practical which investigates photosynthesis, showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant and the requirements of Carbon Dioxide

Answer 34

- Place pond weed in a beaker of water - To increase Carbon Dioxide concentration, add Sodium hydrogencarbonate into beaker of Water - Leave for 5 Minutes to allow pond weed to adapt to environment - Count the number of air bubbles produced per minute - Then add sodium hydroxide to decrease Carbon Dioxide concentration - Repeat process to obtain a range of data and analyse results

Question 35

Describe a practical which investigates photosynthesis, showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant and the requirements of Chlorophyll

Answer 35

- Place pond weed in a beaker of water - Usa a variegated plant where the green part contains chlorophyll and the white part does not - Leave for 5 Minutes - Count the number of air bubbles produced per minute - Then replace pond weed with a non-variegated plant - Repeat process to obtain a range of data and analyse results

Question 36

Function of Carbohydrates

Answer 36

Provide energy

Question 37

Function of Lipids

Answer 37

- Provide energy - Act as an energy store - Provide insulation

Question 38

Function of Proteins

Answer 38

- Needed for growth and repair of tissue - Provide energy in emergencies

Question 39

Function of vitamin A

Answer 39

- Improve vision - Keep skin and hair healthy

Question 40

Function of vitamin C

Answer 40

Prevent scurvy

Question 41

Function of vitamin D

Answer 41

Calcium absorption

Question 42

Function of Calcium

Answer 42

To make bones and teeth

Question 43

Function of Iron

Answer 43

To make haemoglobin for healthy blood

Question 44

Function of water

Answer 44

To replace water lost through urinating, breathing and sweating

Question 45

Function of dietary fibre

Answer 45

Aids movement of food through the gut