PAPER 1 - MEMORY - memory and multistore model Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory?

A

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information after the original material is no longer present

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2
Q

what are the stages of memory?

A
  1. memory encoding
  2. memory storage
  3. memory retrieval
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3
Q

what is memory encoding?

A
  • memory encoding creates chemical trace in the brain and occurs when stimulus is present
  • transforms sensory input into a form that can be registered and stored by memory
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4
Q

what are the different types of memory encoding?

A

visual (pictures), acoustic (sound), semantic (meaning)

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5
Q

what is memory storage?

A
  • where info is stored
  • what kind of info is stored
  • how much info is stored
  • how long memory lasts for
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6
Q

what is memory retrieval?

A

when we get the information out of the storage, if we are unable to remember something, it means we cannot retrieve it.

(showing a clear different in STM and LTM)

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7
Q

what are the memory stores?

A
  1. sensory register
  2. short term memory
  3. long term memory
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8
Q

what is the sensory register?

A

very short term memory store of information being processed by the sense organs

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9
Q

what subsystems (called sensory registers), can sensory memory be divided into?

A

iconic register - visual sensing
echoic register - auditory sensing
haptic register- tactile sensing (touch)

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10
Q

how long can memory in the sensory register be stored for?

A

less than a second (250 milliseconds)

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11
Q

what is short term memory?

A

memory that has limited duration, capacity and encoding

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12
Q

what is the duration of short term memory?

A

15-30 seconds

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13
Q

what is the capacity of short term memory?

A

7 items +/- 2

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14
Q

what is long term memory?

A

memory that is theoretically unlimited, the main constraint being accessibility rather than availability

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15
Q

what is explicit long term memory?

A

knowing that (something happens)

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16
Q

what is explicit short term memory?

A

knowing how (something happens)

17
Q

what are the 3 types of long term memory?

A

episodic - experienced events
semantic - knowledge, concepts and meanings
procedural - skills and actions

18
Q

how do we take things from our sensory register and convert them into our short term memory?

19
Q

how do we take things from our short term memory and convert them into our long term memory

20
Q

what happens if we do not attend to our sensory register?

A

the memory will decay

21
Q

what happens if we do not attend to our short term memory?

A

the memory will decay or will be displaced

22
Q

what happens if we do not attend to our long term memory?

A

retrieval failure (due to absence of cues)
or interference (getting confused between 2 similar concepts)

23
Q

what is the preferred encoding for short term memory?

A

converts visual encoding into acoustic encoding

24
Q

what is the preferred encoding for long term memory?

A

semantic encoding

25
what is chunking?
organising information into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically
26
why do we use chunking?
to enable us to retrieve and retain more information
27
what is shallow processing?
encoding information on a basic, auditory or visual level, based on sound, structure or appearance of the word
28
what is deep processing?
encoding semantically, based on actual meaning associated with the word
29
which stores are unitary?
STM & LTM
30
how is information processed across stores?
in a linear way
31
what evidence is there to support the MSM?
- brain scans - tells us which parts of the brain are active when using different types of memory - supports idea of different, separate stores
32
which parts of the brain light up when using STM/LTM?
STM - prefrontal cortex LTM - hippocampus
33
what is the primacy/recency effect?
primacy - superior recall of earlier items recency - superior recall of end items
34
how does the primacy and recency effect support the MSM?
- demonstrates existence of separate stores - separate STM and LTM - indicates rehearsal leads to creation of lasting memories - words at beginning have more rehearsal so transfer to LTM
35
what are the limitations of the MSM?
- overly simplified - unitary stores - LTM isnt unitary