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Psychology > Paper 1 Hot Topics > Flashcards

Paper 1 Hot Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity?

A

Compliance
Identification
Internalisation

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2
Q

What is compliance?

A

Going along with the group to fit in. You privately disagree

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3
Q

What is identification?

A

Adopting a behaviour because you want to be accepted in the group.

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4
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Going along with the group as you accept their views

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5
Q

What are the 2 explanations for conformity? Who proposed them?

A

Normative
Informational
Deutsch & Gerard

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6
Q

What is the informational explanation for social influence?

A

We conform because we want to be right
We assume the group knows more than us
We genuinely thing the group is right

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7
Q

What is the normative explanation for social influence?

A

We conform because we want to be liked
We go along with the group though we may disagree privately
Just going along with the crowd

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8
Q

Jennes

A

Participants make a private guess on the numbers of jelly beans in a jar
They discuss their estimates in a group
Group estimates were created
Participants made a second estimate

Participants estimates tended to converge

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9
Q

Asch

A

123 Male Participants
6 confederates
12 critical trials, 18 total
36.8% conformed on
75% conformed once
When a dissenter gave a correct response, it dropped to 5.5

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10
Q

Evaluating Asch

A

Participants were all from USA
A child of its time
Ethics - deception
Low ecological validity

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11
Q

Evaluating the explanations for conformity

A

Hard to distinguish between NSI & ISI
People may not admit to NSI
Naffilitator - some people have greater need to conform

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12
Q

What variables affected Ash’s conformity study?

A

Group Size: 32% conformity (larger than 3 = nothing)
Unanimity: dissenter dropped to 5.5%
Task difficulty - when lines are similar, conformity increases

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13
Q

What are social roles?

A

Parts we play as members of society - behaviour changes to suit that role

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14
Q

What does it mean to have an authoritarian personality?

A

You are very obedient

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of an authoritarian personality?

A

Highly obedient
Very submissive to authority
Believes in social hierarchy
Very aware of social status

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16
Q

What did Adorno believe people underwent in childhood to gain an authoritarian personality

A

Strict discipline
High standards
Severe criticism
Conditional love

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17
Q

Why does harsh parenting lead to an authoritarian personality

A

The child feels hostile and angry towards their parents however they cannot express this for fear of punishment so they displace onto inferior people

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18
Q

Who created the f (facism) Scale? What does it measure?

A

Adorno
The authoritarian personality

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19
Q

What 2 biases does the F scale show

A

Response - People want to look desirable in their responses
Acquiescence - People just tick agree

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20
Q

Elms and Milgram

A

20 obedient participants - 20 disobedient participants
Obedient: Higher score on F scale - worse relationship with dad
Disobedient: Opposite

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21
Q

What are the 3 components of right-wing authoritarianism

A

Conventionality - adherence to conventional norms
Authoritarian aggression - aggressive to unconventional people
Authoritarian submission - Submissive to legitimate authorities

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22
Q

Authoritarian personality evaluation

A

Application - change in parenting style
Opposing argument - situational variables
Research limitation - elms and milgram - only 20 people
Very deterministic

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23
Q

What is the multi-store memory model?

A

I Info in
I
I Sensory memory —> forgetting
I
I (Attention)
I
I STM —> forgetting
I
I (Rehearsal)
I
I LTM —> forgetting
v

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24
Q

Karsakoff’s Syndrome. What theory does it support?

A

A brain disorder caused by alcohol abuse

People may experience amnesia

Very poor STM therefore different store to LTM therefore
Support for multi-store memory model

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25
Q

What was the HM case study? What theory does it support?

A

HM suffered with extreme epilepsy
Had his hippocampus removed.
His condition improved but he suffered from memory loss.
He was still able to create STM but was unable to form new LTM
Supports multi-store memory model as STM was fine but he couldn’t transfer to LTM

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26
Q

Multi-store memory model evaluation

A

Too simplistic
Working memory model opposing argument
Nomathetic
R.S of HM

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27
Q

What is eye witness testimony?

A

Evidence provided in court by someone who witnessed a crime

28
Q

What are 3 factors affecting eye witness testimony

A

Post event discussion
Leading questions
Anxiety

29
Q

What is a leading question?

A

A question without an open end

30
Q

Loftus and Palmer

A

45 students
How fast were the cars going when they *** into each other
Smashed 40.8
Contacted 31.8

150 participants
One group smashed, One hit, one control
Did you see any broken glass
Over double said yes when smashed

31
Q

What is post event discussion?

A

conversations taking place after a crime happened

32
Q

Gabbert

A

60 people
Participants watched vid of girl stealing money
When pairs watched it, 1 saw, 1 didn’t
71% said they saw the crime when they didn’t
60% said guilty

33
Q

Johnson and Scott

A

No weapon - person left lab holding pen
Weapon - heard argument/ fight sounds. A person ran out with a bloodied letter opener
No weapon - person identified 49% of the time
Weapon 33% of the time

34
Q

Yerkes-Dodson effect

A

Too much anxiety prevents recall

35
Q

Anxiety and EWT evaluation

A

Help improve the EWT system
Overly simplistic
Nomothetic
Research support of the Yerkes-Dodson effect

36
Q

Positive effects of anxiety on EWT (case study)
Yuille and Cutshall

A

After a real life shooting, 13 of the 21 witnesses agreed to reinterview after 4 months. They were compared to the real police interviews

The findings were that accuracy hardly dropped. Colours were less accurate

37
Q

What is the role of the father now?

A

Has been suggested they play the role of a mate rather than care giver

38
Q

What is the role of the father 100 years ago

A

Small role in child rearing
Go to work and be bread winner

39
Q

Field

A

Filmed 4 month old babies with face to face interactions with:
Mothers as primary care giver
Fathers as primary caregiver
Fathers as secondary caregiver

They found that primary caregiver fathers (like mothers) spent more time smiling, imitating,
and holding infants
compared to secondary caregiver fathers

40
Q

Role of the father evaluation

A

Application - educating fathers on child care
Socially sensitive (single mothers offended)
Lots of other factors effect a childs development
Doesn’t explain why children without fathers develop the same way

41
Q

What is an institution

A

Where people live for a long time

42
Q

What is institutionalisation

A

The effects of growing up in a children’s home or orphanage

43
Q

Rutter

A

165 Romanian orphaned kids
111 adopted by 2, 54 by 4

Compared to 52 British adoptees

Assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15

Children adopted after 6 months showed significant problems including cognitive and physical underdevelopment (these were classified as recently attached - later classified as disinhibited attachment).

They had symptoms similar to autism

Before 6 months caught up with brits

44
Q

What are the effect of Institutionalisation

A

Intellectual under-functioning
Disinhibited attachment
Poor parenting
Physical underdevelopment
Emotional problems
difficulties with peers

45
Q

What is disinhibited attachment?

A

Insecure attachment where they don’t discriminate between people who they choose as attachment figures. Very over friendly

46
Q

Romanian orphan studies and effects of institutionalisation evaluation

A

Research was longitudinal

Interviews are is subjective

Different children responds in different ways to institutionalisation

Research contained a huge number of extraneous variables

47
Q

Geiger

A

Dads are more playful and physically active
Mums are more nurturing
They have different attachment roles

48
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

49
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Anxiety - much higher than it should be

50
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobia

A

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions - People see heir phobias as worse than they are

51
Q

What is one explanation of phobia

A

The behaviours explanation

52
Q

What is the 2 process model

A

1) Classical conditioning leads to phobia acquisition
2) Operant conditioning reinforces phobia

53
Q

How is a phobia gained by classical conditioning

A

Phobias are acquired through association

54
Q

What was the little albert experiment? Who was it conducted by?

A

Watson gave little albert a white rat - no response
Watson played loud banging noises - this made hime cry
Both were given together
The mouse became a conditioned stimulus

Watson and Raynor

55
Q

Why does operant conditioning reinforce phobias?

A

Avoidance of fears is negative reinforcement as they feel better having avoided it

56
Q

Behavioural explanations of phobia evaluation

A

Used in therapy (flooding and desensitisation)
Based on animal studies
Opposed by diathesis stress model
Many don’t know how they gained a phobia

57
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration
Poor decision making
Only focus on the negative
Absolutist thinking (if a tiny thing goes wrong this is a disaster)

58
Q

By what explanation do we explain depression

A

The cognitive explanation

59
Q

What does the cognitive model of depression suggest

A

Thoughts are responsible for depression

60
Q

What did Beck suggest depression is the result of

A

Faulty info processing
Negative self schema
The cognitive triad

61
Q

What are 2 types of faulty information processing? What do they mean?

A

Overgeneralisations - A sweeping conclusion is drawn off a single incident
Catastrophising - A minor set back is exaggerated to a complete disaster

62
Q

What is a negative self schema? What are the 3 types?

A

The info on how we view ourselves
Ineptness - We expect to fail
Self-blame - Everything is their fault
Negative self-evaluation - The individual is worthless

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of becks cognitive triad?

A

Negative views on:
World
Self
Future

64
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model

A

Activating event
Belief (thoughts)
Consequence (behaviour)

65
Q

Cognitive explanation for depression evaluation

A

Treatments like CBT have been made
Cause and effect is an issue
Doesn’t explain where depression comes from
Becks theory doesn’t explain all aspects of depression (people have differing symptoms)

Psychology (14 decks)

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