Paper 1 2023 Flashcards
What are the explanations for obedience?
Uniform (Situational)
Location (Situational)
Proximity (Situational)
Authoritarian Personality (Dispositional)
Agentic state (Situational)
Legitimacy of Authority (Situational)
What is minority influence? What does it often lead to?
Refers to situations where 1 person or a small group persuade others to adopt their beliefs - often leads to internalisation
What are the 3 features of a successful minority?
Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility
How does consistency affect a minority influence?
People must constantly bring up their views
(Relentless consistency can be a negative)
How does commitment affect a minority influence?
Minority makes a sacrifice to show dedication
How does flexibility affect a minority influence?
Minorities should be able to adapt their point of view
Moscovici
192 Female participants (32g of 6)
4 real participants, 2 confederates
Consistent condition - Confederates answered wrongly and said that every one of the blue slides were green on 36/36 of the trials
Inconsistent condition - Confederates answered wrongly and said that the blue slides were green on 24 times and blue 12 times
Consistent: 8.42% adopted minority view
Inconsistent: 1.25% agreed
Consistency is important
Evaluating minority influence
Moscovicis task used only women who are often considered to be more conformist and it can be argued 4 people isnt a large enough majority
Research support - Wood did a meta analysis of 97 studies which said consistency is a major factor
Deterministic as a minority may be committed, consistent and flexible but achieve no result.
Nemeth - simulated a jury situation about the compensation someone was due after a ski-lift accident. A minority confederate proposed an alternative point of view and refused to change their position. However when they were flexible, people were far more likely to take the minority view
What is the multi-store memory model?
I Info in
I
I Sensory memory —> forgetting
I
I (Attention)
I
I STM —> forgetting
I
I (Rehearsal)
I
I LTM —> forgetting
v
Johnson and Scott
No weapon - person left lab holding pen
Weapon - heard argument/ fight sounds. A person ran out with a bloodied letter opener
Both groups were shown 50 pictures to identify the perp
No weapon - person identified 49% of the time
Weapon 33% of the time
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Too much anxiety prevents recall. ( A combination of Johnson and Scott and Yuile and Cutshall
Anxiety and EWT evaluation
Opposed by catastrophe theory which suggests physiological arrousal increases task performance up to an optimum point at which point it decreases. Takes into account performance, cognitive anxiety and peripheral arrousal so it may better explain research into anxiety
Application - useful in court for not using EWT of people who have witnessed violent crime. Also useful for getting info from cognitive interview
Bothwell labelled people as neurotic or not. Non neurotic people experienced a rise in accuracy with increased anxiety but for neurotic people, the opposite is true. Therefore individual differences may affect peoples ability to give ewt
Nomothetic
Positive effects of anxiety on EWT (case study)
Yuille and Cutshall
After a real life shooting, 13 of the 21 witnesses agreed to reinterview after 4 months. They were compared to the real police interviews
The findings were that accuracy hardly dropped. Colours were less accurate
Participants who were most stressed were the most accurate (88% compared to 67%)
What are the primacy and recency effects
Primacy - more likely to remember stuff at start of a list
Recency - more likely to remember stuff at end of list
Who was learning theory proposed by? (group of psychologists)
Behaviourists
What do behaviourists believe
Everything is learned
Born a blank slate (tabula rasa)
Food is crucial for attachment
