Paper 1 2023 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the explanations for obedience?

A

Uniform (Situational)
Location (Situational)
Proximity (Situational)
Authoritarian Personality (Dispositional)
Agentic state (Situational)
Legitimacy of Authority (Situational)

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2
Q

What is minority influence? What does it often lead to?

A

Refers to situations where 1 person or a small group persuade others to adopt their beliefs - often leads to internalisation

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3
Q

What are the 3 features of a successful minority?

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

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4
Q

How does consistency affect a minority influence?

A

People must constantly bring up their views
(Relentless consistency can be a negative)

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5
Q

How does commitment affect a minority influence?

A

Minority makes a sacrifice to show dedication

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6
Q

How does flexibility affect a minority influence?

A

Minorities should be able to adapt their point of view

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7
Q

Moscovici

A

192 Female participants (32g of 6)
4 real participants, 2 confederates
Consistent condition - Confederates answered wrongly and said that every one of the blue slides were green on 36/36 of the trials
Inconsistent condition - Confederates answered wrongly and said that the blue slides were green on 24 times and blue 12 times

Consistent: 8.42% adopted minority view
Inconsistent: 1.25% agreed

Consistency is important

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8
Q

Evaluating minority influence

A

Moscovicis task used only women who are often considered to be more conformist and it can be argued 4 people isnt a large enough majority

Research support - Wood did a meta analysis of 97 studies which said consistency is a major factor

Deterministic as a minority may be committed, consistent and flexible but achieve no result.

Nemeth - simulated a jury situation about the compensation someone was due after a ski-lift accident. A minority confederate proposed an alternative point of view and refused to change their position. However when they were flexible, people were far more likely to take the minority view

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9
Q

What is the multi-store memory model?

A

I Info in
I
I Sensory memory —> forgetting
I
I (Attention)
I
I STM —> forgetting
I
I (Rehearsal)
I
I LTM —> forgetting
v

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10
Q

Johnson and Scott

A

No weapon - person left lab holding pen

Weapon - heard argument/ fight sounds. A person ran out with a bloodied letter opener

Both groups were shown 50 pictures to identify the perp

No weapon - person identified 49% of the time
Weapon 33% of the time

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11
Q

Yerkes-Dodson effect

A

Too much anxiety prevents recall. ( A combination of Johnson and Scott and Yuile and Cutshall

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12
Q

Anxiety and EWT evaluation

A

Opposed by catastrophe theory which suggests physiological arrousal increases task performance up to an optimum point at which point it decreases. Takes into account performance, cognitive anxiety and peripheral arrousal so it may better explain research into anxiety

Application - useful in court for not using EWT of people who have witnessed violent crime. Also useful for getting info from cognitive interview

Bothwell labelled people as neurotic or not. Non neurotic people experienced a rise in accuracy with increased anxiety but for neurotic people, the opposite is true. Therefore individual differences may affect peoples ability to give ewt

Nomothetic

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13
Q

Positive effects of anxiety on EWT (case study)
Yuille and Cutshall

A

After a real life shooting, 13 of the 21 witnesses agreed to reinterview after 4 months. They were compared to the real police interviews

The findings were that accuracy hardly dropped. Colours were less accurate

Participants who were most stressed were the most accurate (88% compared to 67%)

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14
Q

What are the primacy and recency effects

A

Primacy - more likely to remember stuff at start of a list
Recency - more likely to remember stuff at end of list

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15
Q

Who was learning theory proposed by? (group of psychologists)

A

Behaviourists

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16
Q

What do behaviourists believe

A

Everything is learned
Born a blank slate (tabula rasa)
Food is crucial for attachment

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17
Q

How do behaviourist believe we attach

A

Form attachment from classical conditioning
Strengthened through operant conditioning

18
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning from consequences of behaviour

19
Q

What is positive reinforcement & Positive punishment

A

Positive reinforcement - Adding something that increases behaviour
Positive Punishment - Adding something decreases behaviour

20
Q

What is negative reinforcement and negative punishment?

A

Negative reinforcement - Removing something increases behaviour
Negative punishment - Removing something that decreases behaviour

21
Q

What is positive reinforcement for a baby?

A

When the baby cries, it gets food

22
Q

What is negative reinforcement for the mother

A

When the baby is fed, the crying stops
The crying is removed

23
Q

How can a baby reinforce parents behaviour

A

By smiling, laughing etc

24
Q

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (countries, studies, people)

A

Meta analysis
8 counties, 32 studies, 1900 people
All studies used strange situation

GB highest level of securely attached
Germany highest level of insecure avoidant
Japan highest level of insecure resistant
Differences within cultures > between cultures

25
Q

What is deprivation

A

A child was loved, then lost; the attachment bond is broken

26
Q

What is privation

A

A child has never been loved; child forms no attachment

27
Q

What did bowlby by believe children needed along with food and warmth
(Maternal deprivation)

A

“A warm, intimate and continuing relationship”

28
Q

What is bowlbys critical period

A

2.5 years

29
Q

What happens if childs bond is broken in the critical period

A

The childs emotional, social, intellectual and physical development will be harmed
There is a risk of this up until 5

30
Q

What are the effects of maternal deprivation

A

Emotionally disturbed
Physical underdevelopment
Intellectual retardation
Inability to form relationships
Criminal behaviour
Mental health issues

31
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation evaluation

A

Helped improve orphanages as they now offer increased emotional care. Foster kids are moved less often. Mothers spend more time with their kids

Very deterministic as if bond is broken in critical period, Bowlby says their life is ruined and they will likely be affection less psychopaths

R.L - Deprivation doesn’t necessarily cause affection-less psychopathy. Other factors such as poverty or education may be the cause. research lacks cause and effect

Koluchova - Studied 2 Czech twin boys who were beaten ny their step mother once their mother died. They had poor social skills and low intelligence when rescued but went on to have above average intelligence and normal relations.

32
Q

When does attachment occur (operant conditioning)

A

When the child seeks the person who can supply the reward

33
Q

Failure to function evaluation

A

Subject to cultural relativism (west may have different standards such as a high flying career that may not be what other cultures base success off of)

Schizophrenics have no awareness their behaviour is abnormal however they are happy and may not want treatment - However their behaviour may cause distress to others (Observer guilt)

Takes patients perspectives into account as behaviours are only identified if they negatively affect their mental health e.g. hoarding is only a problem if it effects day to day life

High level of face validity

34
Q

What does deviation from ideal mental health suggest

A

Mental health being as important as physical health

35
Q

What are jahodas criteria for ideal mental health

A

Resistance to stress
Autonomy
Positive attitude towards self
Accurate perception of reality
Mastery of environment
Self actualisation

36
Q

What are 2 types of faulty information processing? What do they mean?

A

Overgeneralisations - A sweeping conclusion is drawn off a single incident

Catastrophising - A minor set back is exaggerated to a complete disaster

37
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model

A

Activating event
Belief (thoughts)
Consequence (behaviour)

38
Q

Cognitive explanation for depression evaluation

A

Treatments like CBT have been made

Doesn’t explain where depression comes from - (Lacks cause and effect)

Opposed by biological approach which suggests serotonin plays a big part

Becks theory doesn’t explain all aspects of depression (people have differing symptoms)

39
Q

What is REBT - Who proposed it

A

Rational emotive behavioural therapy

Proposed by ellis

Aims to change the way people think about things

Identifies and disputes the patients irrational thoughts

40
Q

What is the REBT extension of Ellis’s ABC model

A

A citvating event
B elief
C onsequence
D ispute (thoughts)
E ffects (of disputing)
F eelings