Attachment Flashcards

Question

What are the components of the fathers involvement Who said this?

Answer 1

How much they engaged with child How responsible they are for child How accessible they were at home Lamb

Answer 2

* increasingly fathers remain at home and therefore contribute less to the economy consequently more mothers may return to work and contribute to the economy * changing laws on paternity leave – government-funded so affects the economy; impact upon employers * gender pay gap may be reduced if parental roles are regarded as more equal * early attachment research, e.g. Bowlby suggests fathers should provide an economic rather than an emotional function.

Answer 3

Father - backstage e.g. bread winner This improves child's relationships with mum as the child sees a lot of her Father - more in teenage years Mother - more in younger years

Answer 4

Application - educating fathers on child care Socially sensitive (single mothers offended) Lots of other factors effect a child's development Why dont men becime primary care giver - could be nature nurture issue as men lack oestrogen What if kids develop without father? - R.L - Doesn't explain why children without fathers develop the same way - **Golombok found that kids raised in same sex or signle parent house holds dont develop differently to heterosexual couples**

Answer 5

A strong bond ready to form after birth

Answer 6

**Eggs randomly divided** One group of geese imprinted on mother goose One group imprinted on him Lorenz made sure he was by the incubator when they hatched Then put them all back together with the mother having marked them When they were all put in the same place together and Lorenz was at one end and the goose was at the other, the baby geese separated

Answer 7

16 Rhesus monkeys were placed in cage for 165 days with 2 surrogate mothers. One wire, one cloth 50% cloth had food, 50% wire Harlow measure the length of time with each mother Harlow saw where they went when scared They all spent more time with the cloth mother and went to her when scared They only fed off wire for a short time

Answer 8

Ethical issues - protection from harm - **if monkeys were similar enough to generalise to humans then monkeys may have gone through experience similar to human baby** (counter by cost:benefit) The 2 mothers had different heads - a confounding variable R.L Guiton observed chicks imprint on yellow gloves. Male chickens tried to mate with the gloves showing the importance of imprinting on later reproductive behaviour - However they could then learn to mate with other chickens so behaviour isn't as permanent as originally thought Use of animals- can't be generalised to humans

Answer 9

Behaviourists

Answer 10

Everything is learned Born a blank slate (tabula rasa) Food is crucial for attachment

Answer 11

Form attachment from classical conditioning Strengthened through operant conditioning

Answer 12

Learning from consequences of behaviour

Answer 13

Positive reinforcement - Adding something that increases behaviour Positive Punishment - Adding something decreases behaviour

Answer 14

Negative reinforcement - Removing something increases behaviour Negative punishment - Removing something that decreases behaviour

Answer 15

When the baby cries, it gets food

Answer 16

When the baby is fed, the crying stops The crying is removed

Answer 17

By smiling, laughing etc

Answer 18

When the child seeks the person who can supply the reward

Answer 19

Application in parenting manuals - parents should feed their own kids and not have nanny do it etc Based on animal studies - humans are cognitively very different to animals- **tend not to be families for life** Not supported by lorenz, **O.A** - Bowlby believes attachment is innate Environmentally deterministic as person who raises you will impact future attachment. Ignores evolutionary therefore reductionist. Go on to Bowlby

Answer 20

We have evolved a biological need to attach to our caregiver This has developed through **natural selection to ensure child's survival**

Answer 21

Time in which attachment must form

Answer 22

Babies are most attached to those who are most responsive and sensitive to their needs. Food is not important

Answer 23

Looking cute, smiling help parents attach to baby

Answer 24

Provides support for **social releasers**. They found that babies stop showing 'cute' behaviours when parents do not respond, suggesting that the cute behaviours exist to help form an attachment, as Bowlby theorised

Answer 25

One attachment is different from all the others and of the central importance to the childs development

Answer 26

Infants form secondary attachments and these are organised in a hierarchy

Answer 27

A **schema** for relationships Your childhood attachment experiences ford a model for what to expect from future relationships

Answer 28

Adult attachment type will be the same as child attachment type A securely attached child will be a securely attached adult

Answer 29

Mother-love infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health

Answer 30

R.S from lorenz as innate Disagrees with schaffer and emerson - they recognise some kids do form 1 special attachment above all others however some can form multiple attachments at the same time (mother and father) Tronick (efe woman who all looked after all the children) Opposing argument - Kagan - proposed the **temperament hypothesis which suggests that a child's genetically inherited personality traits (temperament) have a role to play in forming an attachment with a caregiver**. It is thought that infants have differing temperaments because of their biological makeup which means that some are more sociable and 'easy and others are more anxious and 'difficult babies. It is argued that Bowly ignored the role of temperament, preferring instead to focus on the early childhood experiences

Answer 31

Mother and child enter play room Child encouraged to explore Stranger enters and plays with child Mother leave whilst stronger is present Mother returns and stranger leaves Mother leaves child alone Stranger returns to comfort child Mother returns and comforts

Answer 32

Separation anxiety Reunion behaviour Stranger anxiety Willingness to explore/proximity seeking

Answer 33

Securely attached (b) - 66 Insecure - avoidant (a) - 22 Insecure resistant (c) - 12

Answer 34

Lab study so very controlled (94% reliability between multiple observers)- however mother may show demand characteristics Ethics- distresses children- however children cry as part of life so acceptable Possible type d- who shows characteristics of all types **insecure disorganised which Van Ijzendoorn found 15% of infants are** Ethnocentric and culture biased - 106 middle class american boys - classed more children from other cultures as resistant or avoidant so may only be suitable for Americans

Answer 35

One that values independence and personal interest More likely to be in the west

Answer 36

Value group needs - working together More likely to be in the east

Answer 37

Meta analysis 8 counties, 32 studies, 1900 people All studies used strange situation GB highest level of securely attached Germany highest level of insecure avoidant Japan highest level of insecure resistant **Differences within cultures > between cultures**

Answer 38

Japan: Takahashi - large emphasis on close family relationships Mothers rarely leave kids and never with a stranger Mothers very responsive to childs needs Germany: Grossman & Grossman - Distance between parent and child People want independent non-clingy infants Parents want kids to "stand on their own 2 feet"

Answer 39

Studied an African Tribe, the Efe Infants were looked after and even breast-fed by different women but usually slept with their mother at night. Despite such differences in childrearing practices, the infants still showed one primary attachment to their mother at six months.

Answer 40

Application in understanding different child rearing practices but also how these go on to effect attachment type Meta analysis - anomalous results will have less of an effect and can be more easily generalised globally **C.A - 27 / 32 were studies from individualist cultures** Ainsworth criteria don't apply to other cultures (ethnocentric procedure and imposed etic).She was an American building off of a british theory. Behaviours we may see as bad e.g. highly indepenedant are rewarded in Germany More variation was found within cultures than between them (Van Ijzendoorn **who claimed to study culturaly differences in attachment but actually studied the differences between countries**)

Answer 41

A child was loved, then lost; the attachment bond is broken

Answer 42

A child has never been loved; child forms no attachment

Answer 43

"A warm, intimate and continuing relationship"

Answer 44

The childs emotional, social, intellectual and physical development will be harmed There is a risk of this up until 5

Answer 45

Emotionally disturbed Physical underdevelopment Intellectual retardation Inability to form relationships Criminal behaviour Mental health issues

Answer 46

Aimed to study long term effects of maternal deprivation 44 juvenile thieves (44 controls) aged 5-16 - London 14 affection-less psychopaths of which 12 experienced early separation anxiety in the first 2 years Only 5 of the other 30 experienced separations

Answer 47

Real world application Extraneous variables Offensive being called an affection-less psychopath Lacks internal validity as Bowlby decides who is a psychopath

Answer 48

Helped improve orphanages as they now offer increased emotional care. Foster kids are moved less often. Mothers spend more time with their kids Very deterministic as if bond is broken in critical period, Bowlby says their life is ruined and they will likely be affection less psychopaths R.L - Deprivation doesn't necessarily cause affection-less psychopathy. Other factors such as poverty or education may be the cause. research lacks cause and effect Koluchova - Studied 2 Czech twin boys who were beaten by their step mother once their mother died. They had poor social skills and low intelligence when rescued but went on to have above average intelligence and normal relations.

Answer 49

A structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behaviour

Answer 50

The effects of growing up in a children's home or orphanage

Answer 51

165 Romanian orphaned kids 111 adopted by 2, 54 by 4 Compared to 52 British adoptees (adopted before 15 months) Assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15 Studied physical, cognitive and social development Children adopted after 6 months showed significant problems including cognitive and physical underdevelopment **(these were classified as recently attached - later classified as disinhibited attachment).** **They had symptoms similar to autism** 1/3 required therapy Before 6 months caught up with brits Supports Bowlby's critical period

Answer 52

Studied physical growth and health of 36 romanian orphans adopted in Canada Compared to Canadian families Data collected at 11 months, 4.5 years and 10.5 years At 4.5 years, physically smaller and underdeveloped At 10.5 years all caught up

Answer 53

D - Disinhibited attachment I - Intellectual under functioning P - Physical underdevelopment P - Poor parenting E - Emotional underdevelopment D - Difficulty with peers

Answer 54

Insecure attachment where they don't discriminate between people who they choose as attachment figures. Very over friendly

Answer 55

Research was longitudinal (reduces participant variables) Application - changes the way kids are looked after. Mothers used to keep babies for a while after critical period. Now just 1 week Different children responds in different ways to institutionalisation (some children adapt more easily) Research contained a huge number of extraneous variables - little stimulation and malnourished R.S - Le Mare and Audet

Answer 56

Secure: Positive romances, trust others and believe in enduring love, positive image of mother Resistant: Obsessed by love, fall in love easily, conflicting memories of mother Avoidant: Fearful of closeness Love is not durable or necessary, Mother was cold and rejecting

Answer 57

Test Bowlby's internal working model If there was a **correlation** between infants attachment type and future romantic relations 620 people (2/3 women) 56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant secure - long lasting relationships, happy in love, less likely to cheat Insecure - true love rare, more likely to be divorces, harder to be in relationships Positive correlation found

Answer 58

Childhood friendships - securely attached kids will make friends more easily as they trust more easily Parenting skills - Parents who had insecure childhoods will struggle to make attachments with their kids Romantic relationships - securely attached people will have more trusting, longer lasting relationships

Answer 59

Application for people who had insecure childhoods - Understanding why a child or adult may be struggling due to their attachment type allows those working with them, to support them better Correlational studies used Very deterministic A certain type of person does a love quiz - self report technique

Answer 60

Separation anxiety Secure base behaviour Stranger anxiety

Answer 61

AO1: * Bowlby’s internal working model provides blueprint for later attachment; affects later relationships during childhood * Attachment type associated with quality of peer relationships in childhood – studies of friendship patterns, bullying, etc AO3: * Discussion of theory, eg Bowlby’s IWM and issue of determinism * Discussion of use of self-report techniques to assess quality of childhood/adult relationships – subjectivity, **social desirability**, etc – as well as retrospective assessment of early attachment patterns * Difficulty of measuring the IWM – hypothetical concept.

Answer 62

* level of separation anxiety – low (avoidant) vs high (resistant) * level of stranger anxiety – low (avoidant) vs high (resistant) * response on reunion – indifference (avoidant) vs ambivalence (resistant) * proximity seeking – low/independent behaviour (avoidant) vs high/clingy (resistant).

Answer 63

9-18 month old infants