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Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment

A

A close 2 way emotional bond
Between 2 individuals
Endures over time

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2
Q

What is a caregiver

A

A person providing care to a child
The infant wants to be with them

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3
Q

What does proximity seeking mean?

A

People want to remain close to their attachments

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4
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

Being distressed when primary attachment leaves

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5
Q

What is secure base behaviour?

A

Exploring an environment but returning to caregiver for comfort

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of caregiver-infant interaction?

A

Reciprocity
Interactional synchrony

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7
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

2 way process
Each person responds to the others signal
E.g. baby smiling when parent speaks to it

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8
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Mother and infant mirror each others movements
Reflect emotions in a synchronised way
E.g. both laughing

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9
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A

Adult showed baby 1 of 3 faces
Dummy placed in mouth to prevent any intial response
Dummy removed and responses filmed
Babys at 2 weeks imitated facial expressions
Later found in 3 day old infants
Therefore interactional synchrony is innate

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10
Q

Meltoff and Moore evaulation

A

The man wasnt the primary caregiver
Well controlled

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11
Q

Caregiver-infant evaluation

A

Useful for understanding how children develop

Babies cant be asked what they are doing / make random movements

Piaget stated that children were “response training” so repeating a rewarded behaviour

Only securely attached infants engage in interactional synchrony. Isabella found link between synchrony and strengh of attachment. Therefore not all infants experinece it so M&M may have overlooked important factor

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12
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A

60 participants (31B, 29G) from glasgow
5-23 weeks

Visited each moth for a year & the at 18M

The mothers were asked how their child protested if they left the room. Stranger anxiety was also measured by how they reacted to the researcher

6-8 Months, 50% of babies had separation anxiety

9-10 Months, 80% had primary attachment, 30% had multiple secondary attachments

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13
Q

Schaffer and Emerson evaluation

A

Parents want to “big up child”

Longitudinal study

Biased as all babies have similar upbringings

Out of date as these would have been stay at home mothers (1964)

Researcher is no longer stranger by the end of the study

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment

A

Asocial
Indiscriminate attachment
Discriminate attachment
Multiple attachments

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15
Q

What is the asocial stage of attachment?

A

0-6 weeks
Babies react equally to everyone and objects
Favours no one

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16
Q

What is the indiscriminate stage of attachment?

A

6 weeks - 7 months
Generally likes to be with people
Preference for people over objects
Infants recognise familiar people but accept care from anyone
No stranger anxiety

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17
Q

What is the discriminate stage of attachment?

A

7-12 months
Fear of strangers
Distress when separated from primary caregiver
Joy upon reunion

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18
Q

What is the multiple attachments stage?

A

1 year +
Baby forms several attachments with people
Some may be stronger than others and some serve different functions such as play

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19
Q

Stages of attachment evaluation?

A

Longitudinal study used- careful examination over 18 months increasing internal validity

Schaffer and emerson placed all importance on primary attachment figure however rutter said attachment figures are equal and all contribute to infants atttachment type

Culturally biased - Sagi found that children from individualistic cultures (family) were twice as close to their mothers as those from collectivist cultures (community) - suggests attachments are culturally specific - S&E’s research was only done in individualistic setting but applied everywhere - imposed emic

Nomothetic - C.A - Too inflexible - it suggests everything must happen in a specific order which isnt true

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20
Q

What is the role of the father now?

A

Has been suggested they play the role of a mate rather than care giver

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21
Q

What is the role of the father 100 years ago

A

Small role in child rearing
Go to work and be bread winner

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22
Q

Lamb

A

3 components to fathers involvement:

How much they engaged with their child
How responsible they were for their child
How accessible they were at home

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23
Q

Field

A

Filmed 4 month old babies with face to face interactions with:
Mothers as primary care giver
Fathers as primary caregiver
Fathers as secondary caregiver

They found that primary caregiver fathers (like mothers) spent more time smiling, imitating,
and holding infants
compared to secondary caregiver fathers

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24
Q

Geiger

A

When Dad’s play, it is more exciting games

When mums play, it is more nurturing and affectionate

Supports the idea that Dad’s are more physically active
Mums are more nurturing
They have different attachment roles

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25
Q

What are the components of the fathers involvement
Who said this?

A

How much they engaged with child
How responsible they are for child
How accessible they were at home

Lamb

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26
Q

Explain the economic implications of research into the role of the father in attachment.

A
  • increasingly fathers remain at home and therefore contribute less to the economy consequently more mothers may return to work and contribute to the economy
  • changing laws on paternity leave – government-funded so affects the economy; impact upon employers
  • gender pay gap may be reduced if parental roles are regarded as more equal
  • early attachment research, e.g. Bowlby suggests fathers should provide an economic rather than
    an emotional function.
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27
Q

Mother vs Father in influence on child’s life

A

Father - backstage e.g. bread winner
This improves child’s relationships with mum as the child sees a lot of her

Father - more in teenage years
Mother - more in younger years

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28
Q

Role of the father evaluation

A

Application - educating fathers on child care

Socially sensitive (single mothers offended)

Lots of other factors effect a child’s development

Why dont men becime primary care giver - could be nature nurture issue as men lack oestrogen

What if kids develop without father? - R.L - Doesn’t explain why children without fathers develop the same way - Golombok found that kids raised in same sex or signle parent house holds dont develop differently to heterosexual couples

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29
Q

What is imprinting?

A

A strong bond ready to form after birth

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30
Q

Lorenz

A

Eggs randomly divided
One group of geese imprinted on mother goose
One group imprinted on him
Lorenz made sure he was by the incubator when they hatched
Then put them all back together with the mother having marked them

When they were all put in the same place together and Lorenz was at one end and the goose was at the other, the baby geese separated

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31
Q

Harlow

A

16 Rhesus monkeys were placed in cage for 165 days with 2 surrogate mothers.
One wire, one cloth
50% cloth had food, 50% wire

Harlow measure the length of time with each mother
Harlow saw where they went when scared

They all spent more time with the cloth mother and went to her when scared
They only fed off wire for a short time

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32
Q

Animal studies evaluation (Lorenz and Harlow)

A

Ethical issues - protection from harm - if monkeys were similar enough to generalise to humans then monkeys may have gone through experience similar to human baby (counter by cost:benefit)

The 2 mothers had different heads - a confounding variable

R.L Guiton observed chicks imprint on yellow gloves. Male chickens tried to mate with the gloves showing the importance of imprinting on later reproductive behaviour - However they could then learn to mate with other chickens so behaviour isn’t as permanent as originally thought

Use of animals- can’t be generalised to humans

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33
Q

Who was learning theory proposed by? (group of psychologists)

A

Behaviourists

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34
Q

What do behaviourists believe

A

Everything is learned
Born a blank slate (tabula rasa)
Food is crucial for attachment

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35
Q

How do behaviourist believe we attach

A

Form attachment from classical conditioning
Strengthened through operant conditioning

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36
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning from consequences of behaviour

37
Q

What is positive reinforcement & Positive punishment

A

Positive reinforcement - Adding something that increases behaviour
Positive Punishment - Adding something decreases behaviour

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement and negative punishment?

A

Negative reinforcement - Removing something increases behaviour
Negative punishment - Removing something that decreases behaviour

39
Q

What is positive reinforcement for a baby?

A

When the baby cries, it gets food

40
Q

What is negative reinforcement for the mother

A

When the baby is fed, the crying stops
The crying is removed

41
Q

How can a baby reinforce parents behaviour

A

By smiling, laughing etc

42
Q

When does attachment occur (operant conditioning)

A

When the child seeks the person who can supply the reward

43
Q

Learning theory evaluation (attachment)

A

Application in parenting manuals - parents should feed their own kids and not have nanny do it etc

Based on animal studies - humans are cognitively very different to animals- tend not to be families for life

Not supported by lorenz, O.A - Bowlby believes attachment is innate

Environmentally deterministic as person who raises you will impact future attachment. Ignores evolutionary therefore reductionist. Go on to Bowlby

44
Q

Why is Bowlbys monotrophic theory of attachment an evolutionary explanation

A

We have evolved a biological need to attach to our caregiver
This has developed through natural selection to ensure child’s survival

45
Q

What is the critical period?

A

Time in which attachment must form

46
Q

What is emotional care - “mother love”

A

Babies are most attached to those who are most responsive and sensitive to their needs. Food is not important

47
Q

Social releasers

A

Looking cute, smiling help parents attach to baby

48
Q

Brazelton

A

Provides support for social releasers. They found that babies stop showing ‘cute’ behaviours when parents do not respond, suggesting that the cute behaviours exist to help form an attachment, as Bowlby theorised

49
Q

Monotropy

A

One attachment is different from all the others and of the central importance to the childs development

50
Q

Hierarchy (attachment)

A

Infants form secondary attachments and these are organised in a hierarchy

51
Q

Internal working model

A

A schema for relationships
Your childhood attachment experiences ford a model for what to expect from future relationships

52
Q

Continuity hypothesis

A

Adult attachment type will be the same as child attachment type
A securely attached child will be a securely attached adult

53
Q

What did bowlby famously say

A

Mother-love infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health

54
Q

Monotrophic theory evaluation

A

R.S from lorenz as innate

Disagrees with schaffer and emerson - they recognise some kids do form 1 special attachment above all others however some can form multiple attachments at the same time (mother and father)

Tronick (efe woman who all looked after all the children)

Opposing argument - Kagan - proposed the temperament hypothesis which suggests that a child’s genetically inherited personality traits (temperament) have a role to play in forming an attachment with a caregiver. It is thought that infants have differing temperaments because of their biological makeup which means that some are more sociable and ‘easy and others are more anxious and ‘difficult babies. It is argued that Bowly ignored the role of temperament, preferring instead to focus on the early childhood experiences

55
Q

What are the stages of the strange situation?

A

Mother and child enter play room
Child encouraged to explore
Stranger enters and plays with child
Mother leave whilst stronger is present
Mother returns and stranger leaves
Mother leaves child alone
Stranger returns to comfort child
Mother returns and comforts

56
Q

What was the strange situation looking at

A

Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour
Stranger anxiety
Willingness to explore/proximity seeking

57
Q

What are the 3 types of attachment and their percentages

A

Securely attached (b) - 66
Insecure - avoidant (a) - 22
Insecure resistant (c) - 12

58
Q

Strange situation evaluation

A

Lab study so very controlled (94% reliability between multiple observers)- however mother may show demand characteristics

Ethics- distresses children- however children cry as part of life so acceptable

Possible type d- who shows characteristics of all types insecure disorganised which Van Ijzendoorn found 15% of infants are

Ethnocentric and culture biased - 106 middle class american boys - classed more children from other cultures as resistant or avoidant so may only be suitable for Americans

59
Q

What is is an individualist culture

A

One that values independence and personal interest
More likely to be in the west

60
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

Value group needs - working together
More likely to be in the east

61
Q

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (countries, studies, people)

A

Meta analysis
8 counties, 32 studies, 1900 people
All studies used strange situation

GB highest level of securely attached
Germany highest level of insecure avoidant
Japan highest level of insecure resistant
Differences within cultures > between cultures

62
Q

Japan vs Germany child rearing

A

Japan: Takahashi - large emphasis on close family relationships
Mothers rarely leave kids and never with a stranger
Mothers very responsive to childs needs

Germany: Grossman & Grossman - Distance between parent and child
People want independent non-clingy infants
Parents want kids to “stand on their own 2 feet”

63
Q

Tronick

A

Studied an African Tribe, the Efe
Infants were looked after and even breast-fed by different women but usually slept with their mother at night. Despite such differences in childrearing practices, the infants still showed one primary attachment to their mother at six months.

64
Q

Cultural variations in attachment evaluation

A

Application in understanding different child rearing practices but also how these go on to effect attachment type

Meta analysis - anomalous results will have less of an effect and can be more easily generalised globally C.A - 27 / 32 were studies from individualist cultures

Ainsworth criteria don’t apply to other cultures (ethnocentric procedure and imposed etic).She was an American building off of a british theory. Behaviours we may see as bad e.g. highly indepenedant are rewarded in Germany

More variation was found within cultures than between them (Van Ijzendoorn who claimed to study culturaly differences in attachment but actually studied the differences between countries)

65
Q

What is deprivation

A

A child was loved, then lost; the attachment bond is broken

66
Q

What is privation

A

A child has never been loved; child forms no attachment

67
Q

What did bowlby by believe children needed along with food and warmth
(Maternal deprivation)

A

“A warm, intimate and continuing relationship”

68
Q

What is bowlbys critical period

A

2.5 years

69
Q

What happens if childs bond is broken in the critical period

A

The childs emotional, social, intellectual and physical development will be harmed
There is a risk of this up until 5

70
Q

What are the effects of maternal deprivation

A

Emotionally disturbed
Physical underdevelopment
Intellectual retardation
Inability to form relationships
Criminal behaviour
Mental health issues

71
Q

Bowlby (research)

A

Aimed to study long term effects of maternal deprivation

44 juvenile thieves (44 controls) aged 5-16 - London

14 affection-less psychopaths of which 12 experienced early separation anxiety in the first 2 years

Only 5 of the other 30 experienced separations

72
Q

Bowlby (research) evaluation

A

Real world application

Extraneous variables

Offensive being called an affection-less psychopath

Lacks internal validity as Bowlby decides who is a psychopath

73
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation evaluation

A

Helped improve orphanages as they now offer increased emotional care. Foster kids are moved less often. Mothers spend more time with their kids

Very deterministic as if bond is broken in critical period, Bowlby says their life is ruined and they will likely be affection less psychopaths

R.L - Deprivation doesn’t necessarily cause affection-less psychopathy. Other factors such as poverty or education may be the cause. research lacks cause and effect

Koluchova - Studied 2 Czech twin boys who were beaten by their step mother once their mother died. They had poor social skills and low intelligence when rescued but went on to have above average intelligence and normal relations.

74
Q

What is an institution

A

A structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behaviour

75
Q

What is institutionalisation

A

The effects of growing up in a children’s home or orphanage

76
Q

Rutter

A

165 Romanian orphaned kids
111 adopted by 2, 54 by 4

Compared to 52 British adoptees (adopted before 15 months)

Assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15

Studied physical, cognitive and social development

Children adopted after 6 months showed significant problems including cognitive and physical underdevelopment (these were classified as recently attached - later classified as disinhibited attachment).

They had symptoms similar to autism

1/3 required therapy

Before 6 months caught up with brits

Supports Bowlby’s critical period

77
Q

Le Mare and Audet

A

Studied physical growth and health of 36 romanian orphans adopted in Canada

Compared to Canadian families

Data collected at 11 months, 4.5 years and 10.5 years

At 4.5 years, physically smaller and underdeveloped

At 10.5 years all caught up

78
Q

What are the effect of Institutionalisation

A

D - Disinhibited attachment
I - Intellectual under functioning
P - Physical underdevelopment
P - Poor parenting
E - Emotional underdevelopment
D - Difficulty with peers

79
Q

What is disinhibited attachment?

A

Insecure attachment where they don’t discriminate between people who they choose as attachment figures. Very over friendly

80
Q

Romanian orphan studies and effects of institutionalisation evaluation

A

Research was longitudinal (reduces participant variables)

Application - changes the way kids are looked after. Mothers used to keep babies for a while after critical period. Now just 1 week

Different children responds in different ways to institutionalisation (some children adapt more easily)

Research contained a huge number of extraneous variables - little stimulation and malnourished

R.S - Le Mare and Audet

81
Q

Adults romantic relationships

Attachment types

A

Secure:
Positive romances, trust others and believe in enduring love, positive image of mother

Resistant:
Obsessed by love, fall in love easily, conflicting memories of mother

Avoidant:
Fearful of closeness
Love is not durable or necessary, Mother was cold and rejecting

82
Q

Hazan and Shaver

A

Test Bowlby’s internal working model

If there was a correlation between infants attachment type and future romantic relations

620 people (2/3 women)
56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant
secure - long lasting relationships, happy in love, less likely to cheat
Insecure - true love rare, more likely to be divorces, harder to be in relationships

Positive correlation found

83
Q

How else does the internal working model affect future relationships (3 ways)

A

Childhood friendships - securely attached kids will make friends more easily as they trust more easily

Parenting skills - Parents who had insecure childhoods will struggle to make attachments with their kids

Romantic relationships - securely attached people will have more trusting, longer lasting relationships

84
Q

The influence of early attachment evaluation

A

Application for people who had insecure childhoods - Understanding why a child or adult may be struggling due to their attachment type allows those working with them, to support them better

Correlational studies used

Very deterministic

A certain type of person does a love quiz - self report technique

85
Q

What 3 things did the strange situation measure

A

Separation anxiety
Secure base behaviour
Stranger anxiety

86
Q

Discuss the influence of early attachment on childhood relationships.

A

AO1:
* Bowlby’s internal working model provides blueprint for later attachment; affects later relationships during childhood

  • Attachment type associated with quality of peer relationships in childhood – studies of friendship patterns, bullying, etc

AO3:
* Discussion of theory, eg Bowlby’s IWM and issue of determinism

  • Discussion of use of self-report techniques to assess quality of childhood/adult relationships – subjectivity, social desirability, etc – as well as retrospective assessment of early attachment patterns
  • Difficulty of measuring the IWM – hypothetical concept.
87
Q

What are the differences between insecure resistant and insecure avoidant kids

A
  • level of separation anxiety – low (avoidant) vs high (resistant)
  • level of stranger anxiety – low (avoidant) vs high (resistant)
  • response on reunion – indifference (avoidant) vs ambivalence (resistant)
  • proximity seeking – low/independent behaviour (avoidant) vs high/clingy (resistant).
88
Q

Age of strange situation

A

9-18 month old infants

Psychology (14 decks)

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