Gender Flashcards

Question

What are 3 physical characteristics of Turners syndrome

Answer 1

Webbed necks Sterile No breasts

Answer 2

Higher than average reading ability Poor maths skills Difficulty fitting in

Answer 3

Application of understanding and diagnosing The syndromes earlier. Those who were treated from a young age are much better than adult diagnosis (Australia 87 men). Also **hormone therapy can be done or sperm / eggs frozen for infertility reasons** Measures the difference between typical and atypical people but there may be no such this as a typical male or female By comparing people who have these conditions with chromosome-typical individuals it becomes possible to see psychological and behavioural differences between the two groups. It can be inferred that these differences have a biological basis and are a direct result of abnormal chromosomal structure. **C.A.** Can be confounded by environment as children may treat theses kids differently e.g. kids have physical abnormalities so kids make fun of them hence they are shy Research into KS and TS lacks population validity, as those who are diagnosed with these syndromes will be those with the severest symptoms and therefore research is based on an unrepresentative sample as it excludes those who have milder symptoms, who are often those with the mosaic form

Answer 4

Kohlbergs - cognitive Gender schema theory - cognitive Psychodynamic SLT

Answer 5

It runs parallel to intellectual development. Changes take place gradually through these stages Took inspiration from Piaget who suggested intellectual development moved in stages

Answer 6

Around 2 They know what gender they are but do not know that's its permanent

Answer 7

Around 4 They know gender is permanent but may be confused by people who have a characteristic of the opposite gender

Answer 8

Around 6 Gender is constant and they will no longer be confused by it

Answer 9

They will seek out gender appropriate role models to learn more of their behaviour. They will imitate theses role model behaviours and look for those who confirm their views on gender

Answer 10

Showed kids split screen images of a M&F doing the same task and measured how long kids spent looking at each one Young kids spent equal amounts of time looking at each Older kids spent more time looking at the same gender

Answer 11

Using children in research means kids can't express themselves as they are as young as 2 or 3. Furthermore cannot apply to kids who are **transgender / non-binary** Munroe et al provided cross cultural support for this theory - found evidence of kohlbergs stages in other countries e.g. nepal Criticised for reductionism - Cognitive factors are the only important factor ignoring all biology McConaghy (1979) conducted interviews with young children and found that if a doll was dressed in transparent clothing so its genitals were visible, 3-5-year-old children still judged its gender by its clothes, supporting Kohlberg’s argument that children in the gender stability stage still rely on external appearances to determine gender

Answer 12

Gender development rests with our schema development. As our schemas get more complex, so foes our understanding of gender

Answer 13

A mental representation which contains all of our information on a particular topic

Answer 14

* organised group of related concepts/cognitive structures/mental representation * about each sex and sex appropriate behaviour

Answer 15

Agrees with gender identity at 2 where they can label themselves as boy or girl

Answer 16

After gender identity gender schema says that they then begin looking form information to confirm their views (contradicting kohlberg who says this happens after all 3 stages)

Answer 17

They are active seekers of info

Answer 18

They are stereotypical but become sophisticated over time

Answer 19

An in group of kids made up of the same gender

Answer 20

Kids younger than 6 could remember photos more accurately where gender consistent behaviour was displayed e.g. women cleaning When the behaviour wasn't consistent, the gender was later changed in recall

Answer 21

R.S Martin and Halverson - supports idea of gender schemas but also an in group and out group Gender schema theory does not fully explain why gender schemas develop in the way that they do, because it focuses too much on cognitive factors and not enough on social factors like parental influence and peer pressure Opposed by biology - David Reimer shows us biology is important as he was raised as a girl but felt like a boy Gender schemas lack the same construct validity as general cognitive schemas in that they are internal mental processes that cannot be seen and their development cannot be explained, just described

Answer 22

The phallic stage

Answer 23

Castration

Answer 24

Boys become incestuous towards mother They hate father for standing in their way However father is more powerful Boy is fearful of being castrated Boy gives up love for mother

Answer 25

All girls experience penis envy Girl is in competition with mother for fathers love Girl blames their mother for lack of penis Girls believe their mother castrated them Over time girls accept they don't have a penis

Answer 26

They must identify with their same sex parent

Answer 27

Trying to be associated with the same sex parent by imitating them

Answer 28

Once the child identifies with their same sex parent, they will internalise that parent as an example of their gender

Answer 29

Application - child must have same sex role model which can be taught to parents - children in same sex or single parent homes need help - socially sensitive - **Golombok found kids without fathers develop in the same way** Only Little hans R.S so not generalisable Provides a comprehensive explanation of male gender development but the original theory provides very little insight into females - clear alpha bias other theories such as the cognitive approaches use the scientific method and are more falsifiable so may be better - **Freud’s hypotheses are untestable and therefore the theory lacks scientific credibility**

Answer 30

Through reinforcement - either direct of vicarious

Answer 31

Reinforcement - Receiving a pleasant outcome because of your behaviour Punishment - Receiving an unpleasant consequence because of your own behaviour

Answer 32

Reinforcement - Observing a role model receive a pleasant consequence for their behaviour Punishment - Observing a role model receive an unpleasant consequence for their behaviour

Answer 33

Differential reinforcement

Answer 34

Live Symbolic

Answer 35

How similar you consider yourself to the role model

Answer 36

Attention retention Reproduction Motivation

Answer 37

4-6 month old babies put in unisex snow suits Kids give names in line with gender or not Women were videotaped playing with the babies. 7 toys to choose from If the baby had a boys name, they were given boys toys (hammer shaped rattle) and visa versa for girls (cuddly doll and reinforced to be passive)

Answer 38

Nurture so ignores all biology (reductionist) **but** cannot explain why siblings of the same sex and in the same household can grow up with very different gender identities Theory lim - Hetherington - found that children show no preference for same sex parents behaviour but instead imitate the behaviour of the parent they spend more time with - **may not identify with same sex parent** Opposed by cognitive theories which suggest we actively seek information rather than just passively observe Sears - found that parents allowed their sons to be more aggressive in their relationships with other children and towards their parents than girls. Parents believed they responded in the same ways but intervened more quickly with girls. Therefore shows how we are socially conditioned

Answer 39

Arapesh - All raised to be loving and gentle Mundugumoor - All raised to be war like, arrogant and fierce Tchambuli - F dominant in the economy, M sentimental and emotional (lots of preening and gossiping) Emphasises nurture over nature

Answer 40

Buss Munroe and Munroe

Answer 41

37 countries where females sought males who could provide wealth and males sought females for beauty

Answer 42

Across most cultures, men were bread winners and women were home makers

Answer 43

Meads conclusions were biased towards western ideals as she had preconceptions about what she would find - Mead had been criticised for observer bias and for making generalisations based on a short period of study. **Freeman** conducted a follow up study and argued that Mead’s findings were flawed as she had been misled by some of her participants, and her preconceptions her influenced her reading of events. The issue of **imposed etic** has been suggested by **John Berry**. He says that the Western ways of doing research are assumed to be universal and may be largely meaningless when transferred to other cultures. He says they should include on member of the local population in the research team as a way guarding against the possibility Very deterministic - whatever culture you are brought up in will shape your gender As soon as children are born, their socialisation into a particular society begins, along with all the gender-role expectations that come with it. It becomes very difficult to determine where **nature stops and nurture begins**. It is likely that there is a complex and constant interaction between the influences in the development of gender roles.

Answer 44

When they are the same gender

Answer 45

Media says: Men are ambitious, independent and advice givers Women are unambitious, dependant and advice seekers

Answer 46

Men are more likely to be shown in professional roles Females are more likely to show domestic roles within family

Answer 47

Children who are exposed to more popular forms of media are more likely to show gender stereotypical roles

Answer 48

Natural study in Canada Observed the effect of introduction of television into a town (nicknamed Note) and compared this to a town which already had television (access to several channels) and a town which had television but only one channel. They conducted surveys to gather information about the beliefs and values of the town before TV was introduced and compared this to after. She reassessed each town two years after the introduction of TV. She found that before TV the children in Notel and the one channel only town showed less gender stereotyped beliefs and behaviours. After the introduction of TV gender stereotypes displayed by children increased and matched that of the town which already had TV.

Answer 49

Puts forward SLT as a mechanism which is a well supported and established theory Could be used to improve the media - e.g. showing women doing non gender traditional roles such as the movie Brave, which challenge traditional notions of masculinity and femininity. Very deterministic - kids will internalise what they see in the media R.S. from Williams **C.A.** - Correlational research - creates an issue when we consider if the media output reflects prevailing social norms about males and females. It may also be the case that media is the cause of such norms by depicting men and women in particular ways.

Answer 50

Gender dysphoria

Answer 51

A mismatch between biological sex and gender

Answer 52

Androgen theory Brain-sex Genetics

Answer 53

Exposure to testosterone in womb may affect gender development Over exposure may make female babies more masculine Under exposer may make male babies more feminine

Answer 54

M-F trans people more likely than non transgender people to have a articular version of an androgen receptor gene. —> Reduced action of testosterone —> More feminised brain

Answer 55

It is caused by brain structures that are incompatible with the persons biological sex Some structures are **dimorphic** meaning different in each sex

Answer 56

Studied the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis which fully develops at 5 and 40% larger in men. IN post mortem studies of 6 M-F trans people, BNST was of a similar size to a female brain

Answer 57

6 M-F trains peple Measured the number of neurones in a particular brain region. Went to female version

Answer 58

People may inherit a vulnerability to the disorder

Answer 59

23 MZ twins, 21 DZ twins One of each pair had GID 39% MZ concordant - 0% DZ

Answer 60

Could be seen as mother blaming (mother producing too much hormone) - however these people can be treated via hormone therapy Not only do twin studies in this area **not produce high concordance rates**, it is also very difficult to **separate the influence of nature versus nurture**. Twins may influence each other and the environmental conditions they are exposed to are very similar. Also **GID occurs so rarely that sample sizes in twin studies tend to be extremely small**, limiting the extent to which effective generalisations can be made. Genetics allow for potential screening and therapy - socially sensitive as **cures transgenders** Plasticity undermines brain sex (BNST) - Biological explanations are subject to **bidirectional ambiguity** as it may be that brain changes happen after gender dysphoria is present and could be a result of living as the opposite gender.

Answer 61

Cognitive Psychoanalytical

Answer 62

Based off of gender schema theory Dual path way theory Liben & Bigler

Answer 63

Path 1 (normal) Child passes through gender stages and develop schemas The childs identity and schema match so no dysphoria Path 2 (personal) Child passes through gender stages but personal interests dominate their gender identity Child may show androgen our behaviour and be flexible with gender identity

Answer 64

Liben and Bigler’s theory is descriptive rather than explanatory. There is very little explanation of why a child may become interested in activities that are not consistent with its sex or how these result in non sex-typed schema. It simply describes the effect of GID rather than explaining its causes. Opposed by biology Socially sensitive (kids should only do gender stereotypical things) Gender schema is well supported so it is reasonable to make inferences on the causes of gender dysphoria

Answer 65

Gender dysphoria is caused by extreme separation anxiety before gender identity is established During their separation, the child fantasises about a symbolic fusion with mother to reduce anxiety The child becomes the mother and takes on a female gender identity

Answer 66

In interviews with males with gender dysphoria, they all had overly close relationships with mother

Answer 67

Alpha bias - provides insight into males but not females Opposed by biology Stollers research was highly subjective - unfalsifiable so any number of extraneous variables may have played a role Zucker - examined 115 boy with gender concerns. Of the boys who were identified with a gender disorder, 64% were also diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder