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Paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name all elements of a plant cell:

A
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • nucleus
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
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2
Q

mitochondria? (p)

A

where respiration takes place

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3
Q

ribosomes? (p)

A

They are responsible for protein production

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4
Q

nucleus? (p)

A

stores DNA

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5
Q

cell wall? (p)

A

provides shape and structure

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6
Q

cell membrane? (p)

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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7
Q

chloroplast? (p)

A

contains green chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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8
Q

vacuole? (p)

A

Holds sugars and sap

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9
Q

What is found in a plant cell that isn’t found in an animal cell?

A
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
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10
Q

Name all elements of an animal cell:

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
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11
Q

Mitochondria? (a)

A

respiration and energy provision

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12
Q

nucleus? (a)

A

Holds DNA

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13
Q

cell membrane? (a)

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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14
Q

cytoplasm? (a)

A

Where reactions take place

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15
Q

Ribosomes? (a)

A

Protein production

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16
Q

Name all elements of a Bacterial Cell:

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • (central DNA instead of nucleus)
  • Ribosomes
  • Flagella
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17
Q

Cell wall? (b)

A

Holds shape of cell

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18
Q

cell membrane? (b)

A

In/out of cell

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19
Q

ribosomes? (b)

A

protein production

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20
Q

flagella? (b)

A

Controls movement

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21
Q

Name 2 different specialist cells:

A
  • Sperm cells

- Root hair cells

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22
Q

What is specialisation?

A

Turning a general cell into a specialised cell

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23
Q

What is the calculation for magnification?

A

measured size/actual size

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24
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

They are found in the nucleus of a plant and animal cell

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25
Q

What do Chromosomes provide?

A

information/instructions for a cell and what it needs to do

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26
Q

mitosis

A

The division of a cell into 2 identical cells

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27
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that has the option to divide into anything

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

movement from a high concentration to a low concentration

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29
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration

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30
Q

Active transport

A

Movement against the concentration gradient.
high –> low concentration
- Needs more energy

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31
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to perform one function.

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32
Q

Name the features of the digestive system:

A
  • Mouth
  • Salivary Glands
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Gall Bladder
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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33
Q

What happens to enzymes at low temperatures?

A

They don’t have enough energy so slow and stop working

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34
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

A

The bonds break and enzymes become denatured

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35
Q

What happens to enzymes that are outside their usual PH?

A

They become denatured

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36
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism?

A

only a specific substrate can fit into an enzyme

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37
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

In salivary glands

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38
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Converts starch into sugars

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39
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

In the pancreas and in the small intestine

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40
Q

What does lipase do?

A

converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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41
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

stomach, small intestine and pancreas

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42
Q

What does Protease do?

A

Converts proteins into amino acids

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43
Q

Where is Bile produced?

A

Liver + (stored in gall bladder)

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44
Q

What does Bile do?

A

Neutralises acids in the stomach and emulsifies fats

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45
Q

Name features of the respiratory system:

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Diaphram
  • Rib cage (protection)
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46
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

It pumps blood around the body

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47
Q

What do the lungs do?

A

Allow gaseous exchange

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48
Q

Name parts of the heart:

A
  • Vena cava
  • Right Atrium
  • Valve
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary artery (out to lungs)
  • Pulmonary vein (into the heart from the lung)
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • Aorta (out to the body)
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49
Q

Order of blood flow deoxygenated to oxygenated:

A
  • vena cave (d)
  • Right atria
  • Right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery (out)
  • pulmonary vein (in)
  • Left atria (o)
  • left ventrical
  • Aorta (out)
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50
Q

What is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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51
Q

Which is the most muscular side of the heart?

Why?

A

Left; because it has to pump blood around the whole body

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52
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

This pumps blood around the body

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53
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

How blood gets from the body to the heart

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54
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Takes deoxygenated from the heart to the lungs

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55
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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56
Q

What is natural resting heart rate?

A

This is normally between 60-100 beats per minute

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57
Q

Why might you need an artificial pacemaker fitted?

A

If you have heart issues

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58
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen around the body

59
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They are part of the immune system

60
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They are involved in clotting

61
Q

What does plasma do?

A

This is the straw coloured substance that everything moves around in

62
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease?

A

This is a disease that affects the heart and/or blood vessels. Usually the build up of fatty deposits.

63
Q

What lifestyle factors can effect health?

A

smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption

64
Q

What is cancer?

A

uncontrollable growth of unwanted cells

65
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A lump of cells that is not moving

66
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

When a lump of cells becomes mobile and moves to other parts of the body

67
Q

What is epidermal tissue?

A

This covers a plant

68
Q

What is palisade mesophyll?

A

These are the long tall cells that capture sunlight and where photosynthesis takes place

69
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A

does photosynthesis

70
Q

What is the xylem?

A

carries water around a plant

71
Q

What is the phloem?

A

carries ions and nutrients around a plant

72
Q

What is transpiration?

A

This is the loss of water - evaporates out of the leaf

73
Q

How can we measure transpiration?

A

By looking at weight

74
Q

Name three examples of eukaryotic cells:

A

Animal, fungal and plant

75
Q

Name a prokaryotic cell:

A

Bacterium

76
Q

Name three unique characteristics of a prokaryotic cell:

A
  • much smaller in size
  • Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
  • Doesn’t contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
77
Q

Define Pathogen

A

Anything that causes disease

78
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A small organism that replicates quickly

79
Q

What are protists?

A

They are not animals, plants, or fungi but are very small organisms

80
Q

What are fungi?

A

The large filamentous organism that includes mushrooms

81
Q

How can diseases be spread in plants?

A

By the help of small animals or insects that move from plant to plant.

82
Q

How can diseases be spread in animals?

A

The waste, skin contact, transferring of other bodily fluids e.g. saliva

83
Q

How do bacteria reproduce in the body?

A

Bacteria reproduce quickly by dividing themselves - every 20 minutes

84
Q

How do viruses reproduce in the body?

A

They invade a cell, copy themselves and then burst out of the cell

85
Q

How can bacteria make a person feel ill?

A

By producing toxins

86
Q

How can a virus make a person feel ill?

A

When they burst out of the cell it causes the cell to die - high levels of cell death causes illness

87
Q

What is measles?

A

A highly infectious disease and can have serious effects. Usually flu-like symptoms and later a rash

88
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus kills white blood cells

89
Q

What is TMV?

A

tobacco mosaic virus - causes plants to go spotty and have a mosaic type appearance

90
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Food poisoning from products such as eggs and raw meat

91
Q

What is digitalis?

A

A drug that increases cardiac output

92
Q

What is Gonorrhoea

A

A bacteria that will give a nasty sexually transmitted disease

93
Q

What is Rose Blackspot?

A

Caused by a fungus that discolours leaves and turns them black

94
Q

What is malaria?

A

Caused by a parasite called plasmodia, and is spread in the blood and can be spread by mosquitos

95
Q

How does the skin help protect the body?

A

This is a physical barrier

96
Q

How does the nose help protect the body?

A

It has hair that acts as a net and also contains mucus which traps things

97
Q

How does the Trachea help protect the body?

A

It has tiny cilia and mucus which traps anything that gets in

98
Q

How does Bronchi help protect the body?

A

traps dirt

99
Q

How does the stomach help protect the body?

A

via stomach acid

100
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

To prevent any foreign cells getting in and making you sick

101
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A
  • recognise pathogens

- destroy pathogens

102
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

A small part of a virus that is injected into you so that your white blood cells learn that it is dangerous and can later reproduce antibodies

103
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

These kill bacteria

104
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

This is where bacteria develop a resistance to antibiotics and so they no longer work

105
Q

What are painkillers for?

A

Used to stop pain

106
Q

Where does digitalis come from?

A

Comes from foxgloves

107
Q

What is aspirin?

A

Kills pain and can treat inflammation

108
Q

Where does aspirin come from?

A

From willow bark

109
Q

What is penicillin?

A

A group of antibiotics

110
Q

Where does penicillin come from?

A

Mould

111
Q

Name three things that new drugs need to be tested for?

A
  • side effects
  • Dosage
  • How well it works
112
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

113
Q

What is the chemical symbol for carbon-dioxide?

A

CO2

114
Q

What is the chemical symbol for water?

A

H2O

115
Q

What is the chemical symbol for glucose?

A

C6H1206

116
Q

What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?

A

02

117
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 602

118
Q

How is energy transferred in photosynthesis?

A

They take energy from CO2 and store it in glucose

119
Q

What factors might affect photosynthesis?

A

How much light there is, the temperature and the concentration of CO2

120
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

Too cold - nothing will happen

Too hot - As proteins become denatured

121
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A

If there is not enough nothing will happen

122
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

If there is not enough nothing will happen

123
Q

Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

124
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water

125
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20

126
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen

127
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> Energy + Lactic acid

128
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?

A

Fermentation

129
Q

How are the products of anaerobic respiration useful in the food industry?

A

Carbon dioxide(Helps bread rise) and ethanol(Alcoholic drinks)

130
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

When there is an excess amount of lactic acid in the blood

131
Q

Define metabolism:

A

The chemical reactions that happen in the body to keep you alive

132
Q

What do sugars do?

A

Provide you with energy

133
Q

What do amino acids do?

A

Build up proteins

134
Q

What do fatty acids do?

A

makes fats with glycerol

135
Q

What does glycerol do?

A

makes fats with fatty acids

136
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Store energy

137
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Perform most functions

138
Q

What do lipids do?

A

They are emitted in hormones, provide energy and help absorb food

139
Q

What can glucose be converted to?

A

energy

140
Q

What are lipids formed from?

A

from fatty acids and glycerol

141
Q

What are proteins formed from?

A

amino acids

142
Q

What are amino acids formed from?

A

bases

143
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

Biology (9 decks)

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