Paper 1 Flashcards
Name all elements of a plant cell:
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- nucleus
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- chloroplast
- vacuole
mitochondria? (p)
where respiration takes place
ribosomes? (p)
They are responsible for protein production
nucleus? (p)
stores DNA
cell wall? (p)
provides shape and structure
cell membrane? (p)
controls what goes in and out of the cell
chloroplast? (p)
contains green chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
vacuole? (p)
Holds sugars and sap
What is found in a plant cell that isn’t found in an animal cell?
- vacuole
- chloroplast
- cell wall
Name all elements of an animal cell:
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
Mitochondria? (a)
respiration and energy provision
nucleus? (a)
Holds DNA
cell membrane? (a)
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
cytoplasm? (a)
Where reactions take place
Ribosomes? (a)
Protein production
Name all elements of a Bacterial Cell:
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- (central DNA instead of nucleus)
- Ribosomes
- Flagella
Cell wall? (b)
Holds shape of cell
cell membrane? (b)
In/out of cell
ribosomes? (b)
protein production
flagella? (b)
Controls movement
Name 2 different specialist cells:
- Sperm cells
- Root hair cells
What is specialisation?
Turning a general cell into a specialised cell
What is the calculation for magnification?
measured size/actual size
Where are chromosomes found?
They are found in the nucleus of a plant and animal cell
What do Chromosomes provide?
information/instructions for a cell and what it needs to do
mitosis
The division of a cell into 2 identical cells
What is a stem cell?
A cell that has the option to divide into anything
Diffusion
movement from a high concentration to a low concentration
Osmosis
net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration
Active transport
Movement against the concentration gradient.
high –> low concentration
- Needs more energy
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to perform one function.
Name the features of the digestive system:
- Mouth
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Stomach
- Gall Bladder
- small intestine
- large intestine
What happens to enzymes at low temperatures?
They don’t have enough energy so slow and stop working
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
The bonds break and enzymes become denatured
What happens to enzymes that are outside their usual PH?
They become denatured
What is the lock and key mechanism?
only a specific substrate can fit into an enzyme
Where is amylase produced?
In salivary glands
What does amylase do?
Converts starch into sugars
Where is lipase produced?
In the pancreas and in the small intestine
What does lipase do?
converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Where is protease produced?
stomach, small intestine and pancreas
What does Protease do?
Converts proteins into amino acids
Where is Bile produced?
Liver + (stored in gall bladder)
What does Bile do?
Neutralises acids in the stomach and emulsifies fats
Name features of the respiratory system:
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Heart
- Diaphram
- Rib cage (protection)
What is the function of the heart?
It pumps blood around the body
What do the lungs do?
Allow gaseous exchange
Name parts of the heart:
- Vena cava
- Right Atrium
- Valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary artery (out to lungs)
- Pulmonary vein (into the heart from the lung)
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- Aorta (out to the body)
Order of blood flow deoxygenated to oxygenated:
- vena cave (d)
- Right atria
- Right ventricle
- pulmonary artery (out)
- pulmonary vein (in)
- Left atria (o)
- left ventrical
- Aorta (out)
What is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
Which is the most muscular side of the heart?
Why?
Left; because it has to pump blood around the whole body
What does the aorta do?
This pumps blood around the body
What does the vena cava do?
How blood gets from the body to the heart
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Takes deoxygenated from the heart to the lungs
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What is natural resting heart rate?
This is normally between 60-100 beats per minute
Why might you need an artificial pacemaker fitted?
If you have heart issues
What do red blood cells do?
They carry oxygen around the body
What do white blood cells do?
They are part of the immune system
What do platelets do?
They are involved in clotting
What does plasma do?
This is the straw coloured substance that everything moves around in
What is a cardiovascular disease?
This is a disease that affects the heart and/or blood vessels. Usually the build up of fatty deposits.
What lifestyle factors can effect health?
smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption
What is cancer?
uncontrollable growth of unwanted cells
What is a benign tumour?
A lump of cells that is not moving
What is a malignant tumour?
When a lump of cells becomes mobile and moves to other parts of the body
What is epidermal tissue?
This covers a plant
What is palisade mesophyll?
These are the long tall cells that capture sunlight and where photosynthesis takes place
What is spongy mesophyll?
does photosynthesis
What is the xylem?
carries water around a plant
What is the phloem?
carries ions and nutrients around a plant
What is transpiration?
This is the loss of water - evaporates out of the leaf
How can we measure transpiration?
By looking at weight
Name three examples of eukaryotic cells:
Animal, fungal and plant
Name a prokaryotic cell:
Bacterium
Name three unique characteristics of a prokaryotic cell:
- much smaller in size
- Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
- Doesn’t contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
Define Pathogen
Anything that causes disease
What is bacteria?
A small organism that replicates quickly
What are protists?
They are not animals, plants, or fungi but are very small organisms
What are fungi?
The large filamentous organism that includes mushrooms
How can diseases be spread in plants?
By the help of small animals or insects that move from plant to plant.
How can diseases be spread in animals?
The waste, skin contact, transferring of other bodily fluids e.g. saliva
How do bacteria reproduce in the body?
Bacteria reproduce quickly by dividing themselves - every 20 minutes
How do viruses reproduce in the body?
They invade a cell, copy themselves and then burst out of the cell
How can bacteria make a person feel ill?
By producing toxins
How can a virus make a person feel ill?
When they burst out of the cell it causes the cell to die - high levels of cell death causes illness
What is measles?
A highly infectious disease and can have serious effects. Usually flu-like symptoms and later a rash
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus kills white blood cells
What is TMV?
tobacco mosaic virus - causes plants to go spotty and have a mosaic type appearance
What is salmonella?
Food poisoning from products such as eggs and raw meat
What is digitalis?
A drug that increases cardiac output
What is Gonorrhoea
A bacteria that will give a nasty sexually transmitted disease
What is Rose Blackspot?
Caused by a fungus that discolours leaves and turns them black
What is malaria?
Caused by a parasite called plasmodia, and is spread in the blood and can be spread by mosquitos
How does the skin help protect the body?
This is a physical barrier
How does the nose help protect the body?
It has hair that acts as a net and also contains mucus which traps things
How does the Trachea help protect the body?
It has tiny cilia and mucus which traps anything that gets in
How does Bronchi help protect the body?
traps dirt
How does the stomach help protect the body?
via stomach acid
What is the role of the immune system?
To prevent any foreign cells getting in and making you sick
What do white blood cells do?
- recognise pathogens
- destroy pathogens
How do vaccinations work?
A small part of a virus that is injected into you so that your white blood cells learn that it is dangerous and can later reproduce antibodies
What are antibiotics?
These kill bacteria
What is antibiotic resistance?
This is where bacteria develop a resistance to antibiotics and so they no longer work
What are painkillers for?
Used to stop pain
Where does digitalis come from?
Comes from foxgloves
What is aspirin?
Kills pain and can treat inflammation
Where does aspirin come from?
From willow bark
What is penicillin?
A group of antibiotics
Where does penicillin come from?
Mould
Name three things that new drugs need to be tested for?
- side effects
- Dosage
- How well it works
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
What is the chemical symbol for carbon-dioxide?
CO2
What is the chemical symbol for water?
H2O
What is the chemical symbol for glucose?
C6H1206
What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
02
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 602
How is energy transferred in photosynthesis?
They take energy from CO2 and store it in glucose
What factors might affect photosynthesis?
How much light there is, the temperature and the concentration of CO2
How does temperature affect photosynthesis?
Too cold - nothing will happen
Too hot - As proteins become denatured
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?
If there is not enough nothing will happen
How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?
If there is not enough nothing will happen
Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water
What is the symbol equation for respiration?
C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic acid
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?
Fermentation
How are the products of anaerobic respiration useful in the food industry?
Carbon dioxide(Helps bread rise) and ethanol(Alcoholic drinks)
What is oxygen debt?
When there is an excess amount of lactic acid in the blood
Define metabolism:
The chemical reactions that happen in the body to keep you alive
What do sugars do?
Provide you with energy
What do amino acids do?
Build up proteins
What do fatty acids do?
makes fats with glycerol
What does glycerol do?
makes fats with fatty acids
What do carbohydrates do?
Store energy
What do proteins do?
Perform most functions
What do lipids do?
They are emitted in hormones, provide energy and help absorb food
What can glucose be converted to?
energy
What are lipids formed from?
from fatty acids and glycerol
What are proteins formed from?
amino acids
What are amino acids formed from?
bases
What are proteins broken down into?
amino acids
