Panic Disorders

Question 1

future oriented

negative mood state

muscle tension

Answer 1

anxiety

Question 2

present oriented

negative emotion

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

fear

Question 3

characteristics of anxiety disorders

Answer 3

pervasive and persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear

involve excessive avoidance and escape

cause clinically significant distress and impairment

Question 4

anxiety disorder epidemiology

Answer 4

among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders

more common in women

higher rates of comorbidity

significant quality of life impact

Question 5

common themes of anxiety disorders

Answer 5

phobic object

avoidance

Question 6

treatment of anxiety disorders

Answer 6

counter avoidance with exposure therapy

challenge automatic thoughts with cognitive therapy

antidepressants help in combination

antianxiety meds are addictive and lead to relaps

Question 7

negative reinforcers

reinforce responses that remove them

Answer 7

aversive stimuli

Question 8

NOT reinforced by the avoidance of the aversive stimulus, rather, but the termination of the warning signal

Answer 8

avoidance behavior

Question 9

process 1: classical conditioning - the warning signal becomes aversive through pairings with the aversive stimulus (fear conditioning)

process 2: operant conditioning - avoidance responses are negatively reinforced by termination of the warning signal

Answer 9

2-process theory of avoidance learning

Question 10

extreme fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

fear is out of proportion to the actual danger

markedly interferes with one’s ability to function

Answer 10

specific phobias

Question 11

treating specific phobias

Answer 11

pharmacology - nothing notable

CBT - education, exposure, cognitive restructuring

Question 12

disabling fears of one or more specific social situations

fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluation of others

Answer 12

social phobias

Question 13

common mental disorder

more common in women than men

begins during adolescence or early adulthood

many have comorbid disorders such as other anxiety disorders or depression

Answer 13

social anxiety disorders

Question 14

etiology of social anxiety disorder

Answer 14

biological/evolutionary vulnerability

cognitive distortions (high threat likelihood and severity

self-focused attention - creates vicious cycle

Question 15

occurrence of panic attacks seems to come “out of the blue”

recurrent, unexpected attacks

WORRY about additional attacks (fear of fear)

abrupt onset of 4 out of 13 symptoms

Answer 15

panic disorder

Question 16

what does a panic attack feel like?

Answer 16

same as a true threat situation

spontaneous panic occurs frequently in nonclinical samples

Question 17

panic attack does NOT equal a panic disorder

Answer 17

first attack frequently follows feelings of distress or highly stressful life circumstance

many adults who experience single panic attacks do not develop panic disorder

Question 18

phobic avoidance

coping strategy; avoid situations where panic occurs or where escape would be difficult

spreads over time and can persist for years

generalized

rule-out trauma-related anxiety

Answer 18

agoraphobia

Question 19

treatment of panic

Answer 19

CBT - psychoeducation and exposure-situations and interoceptive

medications - fast acting, addictive, short-term effectiveness and relapse is common once discontinued

Question 20

chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities

occurs more days than not for 6-month period

twice as common in women than men

Answer 20

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 21

treatment of generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 21

CBT

acceptance and commitement therapy (ACT) - value based activities

medications - antidepressants are effective but antianxiety leads to dependence

combined treatments - meds and therapy similar in short-term but therapy shows long-term gains and less relapse

Question 22

occurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive or distressing images

efforts to avoid or suppress

usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors to neutralize obsessions

> 1 hours/day, but typically more

affects both genders equally

begins in early adolescence or early adulthood

Answer 22

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 23

contamination fears
fears of harming oneself or others
lack of symmetry
pathological doubt

Answer 23

obsessions

Question 24

cleaning
checking
repeating
order/arranging
counting

Answer 24

compulsions

Question 25

obsessions to anxiety to compulsions to relief to obsessesions

Answer 25

OCD Cycle

Question 26

psychological causal factors of OCD

Answer 26

obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors occur for everyone, the disorder is distinguished by distress and impairment

thought-action fusion

two process theory for avoidance learning

preparedness for obsessions

suppression leads to more intrusion

Question 27

biological causal factors of OCD

Answer 27

genetics

brain function abnormalities - basal ganglia

serotonin

Question 28

treating OCD

Answer 28

pharmacological - SSRIs are 50% effective but relapse is common

psychological - CBT (exposure + response prevention), key it to break the link
effective for those who tolerate it, efficacy not as high as phobic anxiety

Question 29

components of CBT for OCD

Answer 29

exposure in vivo, imaginal exposure, ritual prevention and cognitive interventions

Question 30

prolonged confrontation with anxiety evoking stimuli (contact with contaminated object)

Answer 30

exposure in vivo (CBT for OCD)

Question 31

prolonged imaginal confrontation with feared disasters (hitting a pedestrian while driving)

Answer 31

imaginal exposure (CBT for OCD)

Question 32

voluntary abstinence from compulsions (leaving the house without checking the stove)

Answer 32

ritual prevention (CBT for OCD)

Question 33

correcting erroneous cognitions (“anxiety will remain until I ritualize”)

Answer 33

cognitive interventions(CBT for OCD)

Question 34

obsessed with perceived or imagined flaw in appearance

causes clinically significant distress

may focus on any body part

affects both genders equally; typically begins in adolescence

Answer 34

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Question 35

acquire and fail to discard limited value possessions

disorganization in living space interferes with daily life

poorer prognosis for treatment than OCD

Answer 35

hoarding disorder

Question 36

urge to pull out hair from any body location

preceded by tension and followed by pleasure

must cause clinically significant distress

Answer 36

trichotillomania