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Abnormal Psych > Causes > Flashcards

Causes Flashcards

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1
Q

multidimensional integrative approach means that no single pathway can account for behavior

A

biological: great grandmother has OCD
psychological: mother was clean and worried about illness
social: friend recently became sick
developmental: under lots of stress at home

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2
Q

if disorder y occurs, then cause x must have preceded it (NEVER THE ANSWER)

A

necessary cause

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3
Q

if cause x occurs, then disorder y will occur

A

sufficient cause

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4
Q

if x occurs, then the probability of disorder y increases (mostly the answer)

A

contributory cause

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5
Q

THIS IS THE RULE, NOT THE EXCEPTION IN EXPLAINING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

A

multiple causation

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6
Q

many causes lead to the same disorder

A

equifinality

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7
Q

one cause leads to multiple disorders

A

multifinality

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8
Q

distant, earlier causes

things that happened in childhood, demographics

A

distal causal factors

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9
Q

trigger

A

proximal (immediate) causal factors

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10
Q

diathesis - inherited vulnerability/susceptibility

stress - environmental factors

A

diathesis - stress model

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11
Q

biological causes (NIMH strategic plan)

A

focus on basic science required for understanding mental illnesses

describe molecules, cells and neural circuits associated with complex behaviors

identify the genomic and non-genomic factors associated with mental illnesses

map the connectomes for mental illnesses

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12
Q

understand the “pure” causes by focusing on brain circuits associated with complex behaviors

A

reductionism

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13
Q

basic genetics

A

dna: physical basis for the transmission of genetic information
genes: biological units of heredity, contains instructions for producing proteins, found on chromosomes

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14
Q

human behavior genetics

A

evaluates the genetic components of individual differences in behaviors and traits

heritability (0 to 1)

adoption studies and twin studies (monozygotic = 100% and dizygotic = 50%)

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15
Q

communicates genetic predisposition - does not mean that this is their likelihood of getting the disorder

A

heritability

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16
Q

genetic endowment

environment interactions can make individuals more sensitive depending on different kind

A

genotype

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17
Q

how a genotype is expressed

A

phenotype

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18
Q

the association between the genotype a child inherits from his or her parents and the environment in which the child is raised

A

passive effect of genotype-environment correlations

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19
Q

occurs when an individual possesses a heritable propensity to select environmental exposure

A

active effect of genotype-environment correlations

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20
Q

an individual’s (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.

A

evocative effect of genotype-environment correlations

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21
Q

genes = predisposition

A

genes do not equal disorder

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22
Q

ability to successfully adapt to very difficult circumstances

A

resilience

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23
Q

influences that modify person’s response

A

protective factors

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24
Q

study of mechanisms that switch genes on and off

influences by ago, environment, lifestyle and disease

A

epigenetics

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25
Q

all cells have the same genes but they form different cells because there is software telling the computer when to work and how to work

A

epigenome

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26
Q

the role of the nervous system in disease and behavior

A

the field of neuroscience

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27
Q

main influences of neuroscience

A

role of neurotransmitters on psychopathology and role of brain regions on psychopathology

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28
Q

limbic system - forebrain

A

motivated behavior

hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

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29
Q

acquisition of explicit memory

trauma/PTSD

A

hippocampus

30
Q

emotion, fear, anger

A

amygdala

31
Q

coordinates cognition and behavior

A

cingulate gyrus

32
Q

basal ganglia - forebrain

A

caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens

control motor activity and reward learning

OCD

33
Q

psychological influences on brain structure & function

A

behavior therapy changes brain function in OCD

brain activity changes after treatment in depression

changing how you think and behave changes brain structure and function!

34
Q

reinterpret negative information

amygdala activity at baseline predicted who would respond better and was a better predictor than self-reports

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

35
Q

psychological viewpoints

A

psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, behavioral

36
Q

foundation is the unconscious mind

make the unconscious, conscious through free association, analyzing dreams or hypnosis

concept of anxiety is prevalent

A

psychoanalytic theory

37
Q

ego tries to deal with drives in a way that may be more adaptive

A

defense mechanism

38
Q

unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

A

repression

39
Q

blocking external events from awareness

A

denial

40
Q

involves individuals attributing their oown unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person

A

projection

41
Q

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

A

displacement

42
Q

movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress

A

regression

43
Q

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

A

sublimation

44
Q

Freud’s legacy

A

unconscious processes

childhood experiences are important

development and sexuality

talking therapy

45
Q

contends that personality can be understood as reflecting the mental images of significant figures (especially the parents) that we form early in life in response to interactions taking place within the family

A

object-relations theory (psychodynamic perspective)

46
Q

argues that attachments—or bonds—to significant people are key to understanding human behavior

A

attachment theory

47
Q

emphasize identifying and understanding self-defeating patterns in relationships, figuring out why a particular situation is happening in a particular context, changing patterns that don’t work and developing healthier one

relationships + here and now are the focus

A

interpersonal perspective

48
Q

a system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality

A

ego psychology

49
Q

___ conditioning is important for anxiety disorders

A

classical

50
Q

individual is exposed to what produces fear that is not dangerous

A

exposure therapy

51
Q

add/give something

behavior happens more often

A

positive reinforcement

52
Q

subtract or take something away

behavior happens more often

A

negative reinforcement

53
Q

add or give something

the behavior happens less often

A

positive punishment

54
Q

subtract or take away something

the behavior happens less often

A

negative punishment

55
Q

response is condition to one stimulus and can be evoked by other similar stimuli

A

generalization

56
Q

learning is distinguished between similar stimuli

A

discrimination

57
Q

learning through observation alone

without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus

A

observational learning

58
Q

focuses on how thoughts and information processing become distorted

leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior

A

cognitive-behavioral perspective

59
Q

underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information

A

schema

60
Q

process of assigning causes to things that happen

central patterns targeted in cognitive therapy

A

attributions

61
Q

characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events

A

attributional style

62
Q

higher chance for depression

not just the exam, I’m not smart enough in general

A

stable attributions

63
Q

lower chance for depression

it is just one test, this will not affect my future

A

specific attributions

64
Q

developed by Aaron Beck

the mediating thought is most important

internal thought = depression

external thought - no depression

A

cognitive therapy

65
Q

four kinds of unresponsive care

A

occasional inattention, chronic under-stimulation, severe neglect in a family context, severe neglect in an institutional setting

66
Q

not all that bad, can be beneficial to the child

teaches child to self-soothe and explore environment

A

occasional inattention

67
Q

if in an enriching environment, the child can play catch-up

A

chronic under-stimulation

68
Q

issue of not being fed

A

severe neglect in a family context

69
Q

children living in a “warehouse” type situation

A

severe neglect in an institutional setting

70
Q

various culture-bound syndromes that don’t exist here

individual personality development and norms and values or larger society

society-specific and mental disorders

A

sociocultral viewpoint

Abnormal Psych (7 decks)

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