Pancreatic and Biliary Secretions

Question 1

The pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum through

Answer 1

The pipilla of Vater

Question 2

The pipilla of Vater is controlled by which sphincter?

Answer 2

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 3

Receptors for nuerohormonal regulating agents are found on which part of acinar cells?

Answer 3

Basolateral membrane

Question 4

Zymogen granules and other regulating factors are found on which part of the acinar cells?

Answer 4

Apical pole

Question 5

The main secretagogues that bring about acinar secretions are

Answer 5

GRP - Gastrin Releasing peptide
ACh - Acetylcholine
CCK - Cholecystokinin

Question 6

The two main function of ductal secretion

Answer 6

Dilution and alkalinisation of the acinar secretion

Question 7

Activity of carbonic anhydrase

Answer 7

It combines CO2 and H2O to form bicarbonate and H+

Question 8

Sources of bicarbonate in pancreatic ductal cells

Answer 8

1. From de novo synthesis by the combination of CO2 and H2O
2. Bicarbonate which entered blood plasma from the stomach

Question 9

Bicarbonates in the ductal cells enter the duct lumen by the help of which transporter?

Answer 9

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger

Question 10

What ion channel helps in the recycling of Chloride ions to help in the release of bicarbonates into the ductal cells enter lumen?

Answer 10

CFTR ion channel

Question 12

The main secretagogue in ductal secretion is

Answer 12

Secretin

Question 13

The trimodal phases of pancreatic secretion

Answer 13

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

Question 14

In which phases are secretions low in volume with high digestive enzymes

Answer 14

The cephalic and gastric phases

Question 15

The primary regulation of the cephalic phase is by

Answer 15

Vagus nerve ( Acetylcholine)

Question 16

Th primary regulation of the gastric phase is by

Answer 16

Vago-vagal reflexes and
Gastrin release which stimulates acinar cells indirectly

Question 17

The primary regulation of the intestinal phase is by

Answer 17

Secretin
CCK
Vagal stimulation

Question 18

Which phase is characterized by high volume and high bicarbonate-rich secretion?

Answer 18

The intestinal phase

Question 19

Which hormone is considers as the primary gut factor?

Answer 19

CCK

Question 20

Why is CCK considered as the primary gut factor?

Answer 20

This is because it regulates most of the functions of the GI tract

Question 21

Other functions of CCK apart from acinar secretions

Answer 21

It contracts the gall bladder
It reduces gastric emptying time
It relaxes the sphincter of Oddi

Question 22

Name the two peptides that regulate CCK release

Answer 22

CCK- RP
Monitor peptide

Question 23

The two peptides that regulate CCK release bind to receptors on which cell?

Answer 23

I cell

Question 24

Enteropancreatic reflex

Answer 24

A reflex that cause an increase in pancreatic secretions through the continuous production of CCK by monitor peptide and CCK- RP.

Question 25

The source of CCK- RP

Answer 25

From enterocytes that are stimulated by fatty acids and amino acids

Question 26

What inhibits pancreatic secretions?

Answer 26

Pancreatic enzymes When food is digested, excess digestive enzymes digest monitor peptide and CCK-RP ; CCK is not produced ; pancreatic secretion is stopped

Question 27

Which cells produce secretin?

Answer 27

S cells in the duodenal mucosa

Question 28

Function of S cells

Answer 28

Act as ph meters ; they release secretin when pH is very low (acidic chyme)

Question 29

Role of secretin

Answer 29

It acts on the pancreatic duct cells, epithelial cells lining the bile duct and the duodenum to release bicarbonate which will increase pH of the duodenal contents

Question 30

How does the pancreas prevent auto digestion of itself?

Answer 30

Digestive enzymes are synthesized in their inactive forms Molecular inhibitors in the pancreas inhibit the action of enzyme that are activated mistakenly Auto degradation of the enzymes

Question 31

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 31

A mutation in the CFTR gene

Question 32

Composition of bile

Answer 32

Bile pigments Bile salt Alkaline electrolyte solution Lipids- lecithin, FFA’s, cholesterol

Question 33

Which bile pigments give bile its golden yellow colour?

Answer 33

Bilirubin Biliverdin

Question 34

These bile pigments result from?

Answer 34

Breakdown of hemoglobin

Question 35

The liver conjugates bilirubin and biliverdin with

Answer 35

Glucuronic acid

Question 36

Bile salts re derived from

Answer 36

Bile acids

Question 37

Bile acids are synthesized from

Answer 37

Cholesterol in the liver

Question 38

Bile salts are conjugated into

Answer 38

Glycine and taurine

Question 39

The two primary bile acids

Answer 39

Cholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 40

Where are secondary bile acids produced?

Answer 40

In the large intestine; by bacteria

Question 41

The two secondary bile salts

Answer 41

Deoxycholic Lithocholic

Question 42

Deoxycholic and lithocholic; which is absorbed and which is excreted in stool?

Answer 42

Deoxycholic is absorbed Lithocholic is excreted in stool

Question 43

Ductular bile are modified by what cells?

Answer 43

Cholangiocytes

Question 44

what is enterohepatic circulation?

Answer 44

Recycling of bile salts between small intestines and the liver