Anatomy of Oesophagus and Stomach Flashcards
What are the two Esophageal sphincters
Upper (Cricopharyngeus)
Lower
Where are the 4 constrictions of the eosophagus
At the pharyngeosophageal junction
where the arch of the aorta crosses it
where the left main bronchus crosses it
where the it opens into the diaphragm
What are the functions of the Esophygeal sphincters
The Upper Esophygeal sphincter closes the Esophagus when no food is being ingested, preventing air from entering
The lower Esophygeal sphincter prevents gastric reflux
A patient with esophageal perforation at the cervical level is undergoing emergency surgery. The surgeon must ligate the main arterial supply to this region. Which artery is primarily responsible for the blood supply
The inferior thyroid artery
What is an esophygeal stricture
The narrowing of the esophygeal lumen causing difficulty in swallowing
A 65-year-old patient with long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) presents with progressive dysphagia(difficulty in swallowing) and weight loss.
Endoscopy reveals a mid-esophageal stricture. Given the arterial supply to this region, which vessels are most likely involved in maintaining esophageal perfusion, and how might ischemia contribute to stricture formation?
Esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta
A patient with severe portal hypertension due to cirrhosis is found to have esophageal varices on upper endoscopy.
These varices are most commonly found in the lower third of the esophagus.
Which artery supplies this region and how does its venous drainage contribute to variceal formation
The left Gastric Artery and the left inferior phrenic artery
Its corresponding vein, the left gastric vein drains into the portal vein.
portal hypertension causes backpressure on the left gastric vein which cause venous congestion and dilation of the left gastric vein, leading to varices
What is the other name for the Upper Esophageal sphincter
Cricopharyngeal sphincter
What are the two other things that maintains the lower esophageal sphincter
The muscle fibres of the diaghragm
and The Angle of His - the angle the stomach makes with the stomach
The oesophagogastric end of the oesophagus is level with which thoracic vertebra and which costal cartilage
T 11 and 7th costal cartilage
The upper third of the oesophagus is supplied by which artery?
Inferior thyroid artery
The middle third of the oesophagus is supplied by which arteries
The oesophageal branches of the aorta and bronchial arteries
The lower third of the oesophagus is supplied by which arteries
Left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery
The upper third of the oesophagus drains into which lymph nodes?
Cervical nodes
The middle third drains into which lymph nodes?
The superior and posterior mediastinal nodes
_______ vein drains the middle third of the esophagus
Azygos
The pylorus is in relation with which vertebra of the vertebral column
L1 along the transpyloric line
Which Lymph nodes drains the lower third esophagus
Left gastric vessels and celiac lymph nodes
What is the innervation of the cervical esophagus
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the middle and lower part of the esophAGUS
The vagus plexus
What is the function of sympathetic innervation on the esophagus
Control blood flow and reduces peristalsis
What is the sympathetic innervation of the esophagus
Sympathetic Chain from the upper 4 or 6 thoracic segments
Where can the cardia of the stomach be located
T11 at and rib 7
What are the pyloric parts of the stomach
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric
canal
Pyloric sphincter
