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Eric's Histology > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretion into blood

Can be performed by both epithelial and non-epithelial cells

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretion onto a free surface, usually via a duct
Performed by epithelial cells
Can be merocrine, holocrine or apocrine

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3
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocytosis of vesicles and membrane transport of salts and water
Sweat and Salivary Glands

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4
Q

Holocrine

A

Entire cell ruptures

Sebaceous glands

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5
Q

Apocrine

A

Apical portion of cell pinches off

Mammary Gland

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6
Q

Capsule

A

Connective tissue that encloses larger glands

Septa separate glands into lobules

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7
Q

Tubular glands

A

Short, long or coiled tubes of secretory cells

Can be simple, branched or compound

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8
Q

Acinar/Alveolar glands

A

Rounded, sac-like glands

Can be simple, branched or compound

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9
Q

Compound glands

A

Branching ducts with multiple tubular, acing or tubuloacinar secretory portions

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10
Q

Zymogen

A

Proenzyme, inactive precursor. Stored in pancreas so pancreas isn’t damaged by active enzymes

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11
Q

Pancreas

A

Mixed exocrine-endocrine gland, produces digestive enzymes and hormones

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12
Q

Exocrine pancreas products

A

1.5L per day of products
Lipases
Protease zymogens - trypsinogen, chymotrypsin

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13
Q

Enterokinase

A

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin.

Trypsin activates the other proteases

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14
Q

Path of exocrine

A

Acing cells > Intercalated ducts > Intralobular duct > Interlobular ducts

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15
Q

Secretin

A

Causes centroacinar cells to secrete HCO3-

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16
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Intralobular ducts

A

Simple cuboidal

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18
Q

Interlobular ducts

A

Simple columnar

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19
Q

Endocrine pancreas products

A

Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells - Glucagon - 30% - raises blood sugar, glycogen breakdown
Beta cells - Insulin - 65% - lowers blood sugar
Gamma cells - Somatostatin - 4% - inhibits alpha and beta cells

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20
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Zymogens activated, causing autodigestion of pancreas, inflammation, lots of pain
Associated with gall stones and alcohol abuse

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21
Q

Pancreatic carcinomas

A

3% of cancers, mostly in females, poor prognosis

22
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Disruption of insulin signaling by loss or malfunction of beta cells

23
Q

Liver endocrine secretion and synthesis

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, angiotensin, cholesterol, VLDL, LDL

24
Q

Liver storage

A

Glucose - glycogen
Lipids - fat droplets
Fat soluble vitamins
Iron

25
Q

Oxidation and Reduction in Liver

A

Cytochrome P450

26
Q

Conduction reactions in Liver

A

Bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown converted to glucuronide

27
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Liver macrophages

28
Q

Liver exocrine activity

A

Bile salt excretion

29
Q

Hepatic lobules

A

Portal triad, sinusoid surrounded by hepatocytes, and terminal hepatic vein

30
Q

Liver blood supply

A

75% from portal triad

25% from hepatic artery

31
Q

Hepatic Lobule Model

A

Basic structure-function

Endocrine function of hepatocytes as blood flows toward terminal hepatic vein

32
Q

Hepatic Acinus Model

A

Emphasizes different O2 and nutrient content along sinusoid

33
Q

Zone 1

A 
Freshest blood closest to portal
Biggest mitochondria
Most active in glucuronidation
Most active in endocytosis, most lysosomes
Highest regenerative activity
34
Q

Zone 3

A

Highest cytochrome P450, oxidation and reduction

Fat deposited here

35
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Large cuboidal, lots of mitochondria, often have double nuclei

36
Q

Sinusoids

A

Thin fenestrated endothelium, contain Kupffer cells

37
Q

Space of Disse

A

Plasma filled perisinusoidal space between sinusoids and hepatocyte microvilli
Contains Stellate Cells

38
Q

Stellate Cells

A

Store fat and fat soluble vitamins
Store 80-90% of body’s retinoids (Vitamin A)
Can transform into myofibroblasts to synthesize collagen in response to damage - cause of cirrhosis

39
Q

Hepatic Portal Model

A

Emphasizes exocrine function

Flow of bile from lobules toward bile duct in the center

40
Q

Flow of bile

A

Hepatocytes > Bile canaliculi > Canals of Hering > Bile duct > Left and right hepatic ducts > Common hepatic duct > Cystic Duct > Gallbladder > Cystic duct > Common bile duct > Hepatopancreatic ampulla > Duodenum

41
Q

Cholangiocytes

A

Cuboidal/Columnar cells that line Canals of Hering and bile duct

42
Q

Gallbladder

A

Epithelium has basolateral Na/K-ATPase pump for sodium and water recovery/bile concentration

43
Q

Enterohepatic recirculation

A

Recycling of bile

Drugs and toxins released from liver though bile can be recycled too

44
Q

CCK

A

Stimulates bile flow by inducing contraction of gallbadder smooth muscle

45
Q

Cholestasis

A

Blockage of bile flow

46
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow discoloration of skin and eye sclera from bile leaking into the blood

47
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder, causes upper right epigastic pain

48
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver

49
Q

Fibrosis

A

Excess collagen deposition in the liver

50
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Extensive fibrosis in the liver
Leads to portal hypertension
Causes confused thinking and other mental changes - hepatic encephalopathy

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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