Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Eric's Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cartilage

A
  1. Support soft tissue
  2. Shock absorber
  3. Low friction surface
  4. Model of skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is cartilage different from CT proper?

A 
Avascular
One cell type present - chondrocyte
Type II cartilage present
Aggrican found in hyaline ECM
Chondronectin found in ECM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

From what cells are cartilage cells derived?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Type I collagen molecule made of?

A

Helix of 3 alpha chains

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine - Made by prolyl hydroxylases and lysyl hydroxylases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is vitamin C important?

A

Essential for proline hyhdroxylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine important?

A

Required for assembly of collagen fibrils and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the ground substance do?

A

Contains proteoglycan aggregates, water and ions, giving matrix high tensile strength and resiliency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A 
Permanent:
- Walls of respiratory passages
- Larynx, nose
- Articular surfaces of bones (movable joints)
- Ventral ends of ribs
Transient:
- Model of skeleton
- Epiphyseal growth plate
Most widely distributed of types of cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is hyaline cartilage composed?

A

Type II collagen doesn’t form large fibers
Matrix is hydrated
Glassy look
Smooth strong surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made of?

A 
Proteoglycan aggregates - including aggrecan
Bound water
Type II collagen fibrils
Chondronectin - attaches cells to ECM
Chondrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Perichondrium

A

Sheath of dense connective tissue Type I collagen fibers that surrounds permanent hyaline cartilage, except articular cartilage
Source of chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts
Supplies nutrients, removes wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities that surround chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Territorial matrix

A

Matrix rich in GAGs that surrounds chondrocytes

Stains darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Interterritorial matrix

A

Lighter staining matrix that is between lacuna and chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isogenous groups/aggregates/nests

A

Groups of 4-8 chondrocytes that originate from divisions of a single chondrocytes
Reside in a single lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

Appositional growth - division of chondrocytes in the perichondrium
Interstitial growth - division of chondrocytes existing in the cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

No perichondrium
Does not repair quickly
Nutrients gained from synovial fluid in joint capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Auricle of ear, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, larnx

20
Q

How is elastic cartilage different?

A

More cells and matrix than hyaline cartilage
Large aggregates of elastic fibers
Fewer isogenous groups than hyaline cartilage

21
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

22
Q

How is fibrocartilage different?

A

Very little ground substance, mostly fibers
Lots of Type I and Type II cartilage
No Perichondrium
Merges with adjacent tissues

23
Q

What’s different about intervertebral disks?

A

Nucleosis pulposis is liquid form of fibrocartilage, more proteoglycans and water than annulus fibrosis

24
Q

Functions of bone

A
  1. Levers for movement
  2. Support and protection
  3. Hematopoiesis in marrow
  4. Store and regulate serum levels of Ca and P
25
Q

Organization of adult bone

A

Outer walls: compact (cortical) bone

Interior: Trabecular (spongy, cancellous) bone and merrow

26
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense connective tissue that covers outer surfaces of bone

Attached to bone via Sharpey’s fibers (type I collagen)

27
Q

Endosteum

A

Covers interior surfaces

28
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum

Proliferate and produce osteoblasts

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells
Secrete osteoid (ECM)
Mineralize the matrix
Non-mitotic

30
Q

Osteocytes

A

Derived from osteoblasts
Principal cell in adult bone (95% of cells in bone)
Reside in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of adult bone

31
Q

Caniculi

A

Canals formed around osteocyte processes that allow communication and nutrients to pass from cell to cell

32
Q

Osteoclast

A

Multinucleated cells derived from Macrophages from bone marrow
Resorb bone
Form a space called Howship’s lacunae
Activity regulated by PTH and calcitonin

33
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Organic components - type I collagen, GAGs and proteoglycans

Inorganic components - hydroxyapatite (Ca and P) and trace minerals

34
Q

Intramembranous Bone Formation

A

Osteoblasts begin to make bone within loose connective tissue
Forms flat bones of skull and mandible
Also responsible for initiate of bone formation in diaphysis and growth in diameter of long bones

35
Q

Endochondral Bone Formation

A

Osteoblasts begin to make bone within cartilage matrix
Forms growth in length of long bones
Secondary center of ossification develops in epiphysis

36
Q

In what order is bone made?

A
  1. Primary/Woven Bone - temporary random collagen fiber orientation
  2. Secondary/Lamellar Bone - parallel layered collagen fibers, continuously remodeled
    - — Compact/Cortical bone
    - — Spongy/Cancellous/Trabecular Bone
37
Q

Osteons/Haversian systems

A

Compact bone
Lamellae of bone surrounding Haversian canals which contain nerves, blood vessels lymphatics
Haversian canals joined by Volkmann’s canals
Osteons joined together by cement lines

38
Q

Zones of epiphyseal growth plate

A 
Resting cartilage
Proliferation
Maturation/Hypertrophy
Calcification
Ossification
39
Q

Which hormone triggers bone growth?

A

Growth hormone

40
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Constant process
Osteoclasts degrade old osteons
Osteoblasts generate new osteons
About 10% of total bone is replaced yearly

41
Q

Fracture repair process

A
  1. Blood clot
  2. Soft callus - loose CT and hyaline cartilage, intramembranous and endochondral bone formation
  3. Hard callus - primary woven bone
  4. Repaired, remodeled bone - secondary, lamellar bone
42
Q

What is the overriding factor of bone mass regulation?

A

Calcium mobilization

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Osteoclast activity outpaces Osteoblast activity

44
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Decreased bone resorption due to defective osteoclasts

Reduced marrow cavity and blood formation

45
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint disease with loss of articular cartilage

Hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete proteases and destroy matrix

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions